TOI processing

Overview

We describe here how the TOIs are processed in order to be used for map production. We do not repeat the general features of the pipeline, which are given in the HFI Data Processing paper Planck-2013-VI. Here we give complementary explanations in some detail. The TOI of each bolometer is processed independently of the other bolometers, so as to keep the noise properties as uncorrelated as possible. The processing involves modifying the TOI itself for the conversion to absorbed power and the correction of glitch tails. It also adds a flag TOI that masks the TOI samples that are not to be projected onto maps for various reasons.

Input TOI

The input TOI consists of the AC-modulated voltage output of the readout of each bolometer. The input has previously been decompressed, and converted from internal digital units to voltages via a constant factor. The TOI has a regular sampling at the acquisition frequency of f_acq=(180.373700&plusm;0.000050)Hz. There are almost no missing data in the TOIs, except for a few hundred samples of 545 and 857 GHz TOIs, which were lost in the on-board compression due to saturation on the Galactic centre crossings.

General pipeline structure

The following figure shows how the initial TOI is transformed and how flags are produced:

A schematic of the TOI processing pipeline

Output TOIs and products

A TOI of clean calibrated samples and a combined flag TOI are the outputs of the processing. The clean calibrated TOI is calibrated so as to represent the instantaneous power absorbed by the detector up to a constant (which will be determined by the map-making destriper). It is worth mentioning how the clean calibrated TOI is changed with respect to the input TOI, beyond the harmless constant conversion factor from voltage to absorbed power. The demodulation stage allows one to get the demodulated bolometer voltage. The non-linearity correction is a second-order polynomial correction based on the physical but static bolometer model. In order to avoid too much masking after glitches, a glitch tail is subtracted after an occurrence of a glitch in the TOI. The 4K cooler lines are removed at a series of 9 single temporal frequencies. Finally, the temporal response of the bolometer is deconvolved. This affects mostly the high-temporal frequency part of the TOI, although a small but significant low frequency (the long time response) tail is corrected too. Although flagged samples are not projected, their value influences the valid samples somehow. Hence interpolation procedures introduce some indirect modifications of the TOI. The flag TOI is a combination a dozen flags with an OR logic. Only unflagged data are projected. The exhaustive list of flags is given here: CompressionError, NoData, SSO, UnstablePointing, Glitch, BoloPlateFluctuation, RTS, Jump, PSBab. A complete qualification of the data is obtained at the ring level. If the TOI shows an anomalous behaviour on a given ring, this ring is discarded from projection. A special TOI is also produced as an input to the beam analysis with Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Examples of clean TOIs

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  Phase-binned signal (PBR) for 6 consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005

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  Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for 2 consecutive circles of the ring 4000

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  Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of the ring 4005 with signal before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution (top) and noise (bottom)

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  Phase-binned signal (PBR) for 6 consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005

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  Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for 2 consecutive circles of the ring 4000

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  Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of the ring 4005 with signal before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution (top) and noise (bottom)

Samples of PBR, TOIs, and PSDs of all detectors are shown in this file.

Trends in the output processing variables

Here we intend to show the trend of the systematic effects that are dealt with in the TOI processing. The full impact of each of them is analyzed in the HFI-Validation section.

ADC baseline

The following figure shows the ADC baseline which is used prior to demodulation (a constant offset is removed for clarity). This baseline is obtained by smoothing on an hour block average the undemodulated TOI on unflagged samples.

ADC baseline for all bolometers

Glitch statistics

The glitch rate per channel is shown in this figure. For details, see copap. Planck-2013-X

Glitch rate evolution

The percentage of flagged data (mostly due to Cosmic Rays) at the ring level is shown in these examples. No smoothing was applied. Only valid rings are shown.

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  143 GHz bolometers

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  545 GHz bolometers

Percentage of flagged data

The complete set of plots is attached here.

Thermal template for decorrelation

Thermal template used for the decorrelation from bolometer plate temperature fluctuations

A simple linear decorrelation is performed using the 2 dark bolometers as a proxy of the bolometer plate temperature. Coupling coefficients were measured during the CPV phase.

4K cooler lines variability

The amplitude of the nine 4K cooler lines in aW at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 17 Hz is shown for two bolometers in the following figures. The trend is smoothed over 31 ring values after having discarded measurements done at a ring which is discarded for all bolometers.

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  143_5 bolometer

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  545_1 bolometer

Amplitude of the nine 4K cooler lines

The 4K cooler line coefficients of all bolometers are shown in this file.

The 4K cooler lines project onto the maps only for a limited fraction of rings, the so-called resonant rings. This is graphically shown in the following figure. For each ring (stable pointing period), the spin rate is very stable at about 1 rpm. From one ring to another, the spin frequency (shown as diamonds) changes around that value. The sky signal is imprinted at the corresponding spin frequency and its 5400 (60x90) harmonics. If one of the nine 4K cooler lines happens to coincide with one of the spin frequency harmonics (a resonant ring), it will project a sine-wave systematic on the maps. The horizontal coloured bars show the zone of influence of a particular 4K line (labeled on the left side of the plot), when folded around 16.666 mHz. When the spin frequency hits one of these zones, we have a resonant ring. The 4K line coefficient is interpolated for this ring and an estimate of the systematic effect is subtracted from the TOI. Resonant rings are different for different 4K lines. Note the two-level oscillation pattern of the spin frequency is due to the satellite attitude control system.

Spin frequency and 4K line zones of influence

Jump correction

A piecewise constant value is removed to the TOI if a jump is detected. See a jump example in this figure:

An example of a jump seen on the noise TOI

The number of jumps per day (all bolometers included) is shown in this figure:

Evolution of jump number during the mission

The jumps are uncorrelated from bolometer to bolometer. The total number of jumps detected in the nominal and full mission is shown here:

Number of jumps per bolometer

Trends in noise and signal

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  143_5 bolometer

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  545_1 bolometer

Signal (top) and noise (bottom) smoothed at 1 minute. All values falling in a discarded ring are not plotted.

The smooth TOIs of all detectors are shown in this file.

Noise stationarity

This is not the final version but gives a good idea of power spectra at the detector level of noise TOIs. All PSDs can be seen in this file.

The standard deviation per ring corrected by ring duration bias is given here, one per bolometer using only valid rings. No smoothing is applied (except a 31-point smoothing for the 545 and 857 GHz channels) but values for rings discarded for all bolometers (see below) are not used. The standard deviation is computed on samples valid for map-making which are also not affected by the Galaxy or the point-sources using the usual flags. Two examples are given here.

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  143_5 bolometer

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  545_1 bolometer

Standard deviation per ring

The full series of plots is here: Standard deviation of noise TOIs at the ring level

Note the presence for 3 bolometers of a two-level noise system. No correction can be done for that effect. See one example here:

An example of two-level noise system is seen in bolometer 23_353_3a

An example of the higher order statistics which are used to unveil rings affected by RTS problems.

Discarded rings

Some rings are discarded (flagged) from further use (beam making, map making) by using ring statistics (see above and Planck-2013-VI. For each statistic, we compare each ring value to the ring values averaged (RVA) over a large selection of rings (between 3000 and 21700). We also define the modified standard deviation (MSD) of a ring quantity as the standard deviation of that quantity over the rings that deviate by less than five nominal standard deviations. This truncation is necessary to be robust against extreme deviant rings.

More specifically, a ring is discarded if it matches one of the following criteria:

• the | mean-median | deviates from the RVA by more than fifteen times the MSD.
• the standard deviation deviates from the RVA by more than -5 times the MSD (all cases corresponding to almost empty rings) or +15 times the MSD.
• the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test deviates from the RVA by more than 15 times the MSD.
• the ring duration is more than 90 min.
• the ring is contaminated by RTS with an amplitude of more than one standard deviation of the noise. It concerns a few hundreds of rings for 3 bolometers (44_217_6b, 71_217_8a, 74_857_4). Notice that two bolometers are completely discarded for maps: 55_545_3 and 70_143_8, which present RTS at all time.

For the three first criteria, a visual inspection of the noise TOI at each of the incriminated rings has shown that all these anomalous rings are due to either a drift, a small jump in the TOI trend or a sudden change of noise level, the origin of which is unknown at present.

Once the list of discarded rings per bolometer is produced, a common list of discarded rings can be extracted for all bolometers (by using discarded rings for at least half the bolometers). Such rings correspond to identified phenomena, as can be seen on the following table.

Furthermore, an isolated valid ring stuck between two common discarded rings becomes discarded as well.

Table of common discarded rings of the nominal mission (rings 240-14723).

Cause	ring number
manoeuvre	304 1312 3590 3611 3642 3922 4949 6379 8456 11328
Sorption Cooler switchover	11149 11150 11151 11152
rings too long	440 474 509 544 897 898 3589 13333 14627 14653
star tracker switchover	14628 14654
massive glitch event	7665
solar flare	11235

The following figure is a summary of the impact of the discarding process for each bolometer (the solid black line is the common discarded ring percentage). The outlier bolometers have some RTS problems as mentionned above.

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  Fraction of discarded rings

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  Fraction of time due to discarded rings

Effective integration time

The following figure summarizes the effective integration time per bolometer. For that purpose the number of unflagged samples in non-discarded pointing periods have been used within the nominal mission. The average value is of about 335 days of effective integration time.

Effective integration time per bolometer

Flag description

Input flags

These flags are used as inputs to the TOI processing

The point-source flag (PSflag)

An earlier version of HFI point-source catalog is read back into a flag TOIs, at a given frequency. In practice, 5 sigma sources are masked within a radius of 1.3 FWHM (9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz) TBC.

the galactic flag (Galflag

An earlier version of HFI maps is thresholded and apodized. The produced masks are read into flag TOIs. The retained threshold corresponds to a sky coverage of respectively 70, 70, 80, 90, 90, 90% at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz.

Solar System Object flag

For the TOI flag, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn are flagged up to a radius of NbBeam= 2,3,3,4,4,4 times the fiducial SSO_FWHM with SSO_FWHM= 9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz.

As an input to planet mask for maps, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn are flagged with a radius computed as a coefficient depending on the planet (Factor_per_source) times NbBeam times SSO_FWHM, with Factor_per_source = 1.1, 2.25, 1.25 for Mars, Jupiter, Saturn respectively and NbBeam = 2.25, 4.25, 4.0, 5.0,.6.0, 8.0 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz. This flag is called SSOflag4map.

A small trailing tail is added to the mask to take into account the non-deconvolution of the planet signal which has been replaced by background values. The width of that tail is 10 % of the main flag diameter. The number of samples which are additionnaly flagged are the Factor_per_Source times AddSNafter with (trail) times (Factor_per_source)^3 samples where trail = 10, 30, 20, 20, 30, 40 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz.

Uranus and Neptune together with detected asteroids are masked by HFI. They are masked at the TOI level using an exclusion radius of 1.5 SSO_FWHM. At 857 GHz, 24 asteroids have been detected with HFI : 1Ceres, 2Pallas, 3Juno, 4Vesta, 7Iris, 8Flora, 9Metis, 10Hygiea, 11Parthenope, 12Victoria, 13Egeria, 14Irene, 15Eunomia, 16Psyche, 18Melpomene, 19Fortuna, 20Massalia, 29Amphitrite, 41Daphne, 45Eugenia, 52Europa, 88Thisbe, 704Interamnia, 324Bamberga.

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  143 SWB row, around Jupiter 1st crossing

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  143 SWB row, around Saturn

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  143 SWB row, around Mars

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  143 SWB row, random field in the ecliptic plane

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  545/857 row, around Jupiter 1st crossing

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  545/857 row, around Saturn

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  545/857 row, around Mars

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  545/857 row, random field in the ecliptic plane

Local maps showing the SSO flag. The colors correspond to the surveys involved in the nominal mission (green = Survey I, yellow = Survey II, red = Survey III).

Output flags

A FlagTOIproc is produced by the TOIprocessing. It marks measurements which are not reliable for any of the following reasons:

• gap (no valid input data), enlarged by one sample on each side. It flags less than 0.00044% (resp. 0.00062%) of the nominal (resp. complete) mission. It is equivalent to less than 3 (resp. 8) minutes of data.
• "glitch" on dark bolometers: as the thermal template used for decorrelation is computed from these bolometer data, chunks of one minute-length data are discarded for all bolometers if at least 50% of the data for at least one dark bolometer are flagged during this time. It is efficient to flag the data around the maximum of thermal events.
• "glitch" on individual bolometers : samples where the signal from a cosmic ray hit dominates the sky signal at more than 3 [math]\sigma[/math] are discarded.
• jump as 100 samples are flagged around the computed position of the jump to take into account the error on this reconstructed position.

So the flag produced for the map making, called Total_flag, is defined by:

• Total_flag = UnstablePointing Flag OR FlagTOIproc OR SSOflag4map OR SSOflag seen

where FlagTOIproc = gap OR flag thermal template OR glitch OR jump and for PSB bolometers, FlagTOIproc_AB = FlagTOIproc_A OR FlagTOIproc_B. Note that the Total_flag is then identical for the A and B bolometers of a PSB pair.

At the destriping stage, a more restricted flag, called Total_flag_PS, is used. It is defined by Total_flag_PS = Total_flag OR PS_flag.