Catalogues

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The Catalogue of Compact Sources[edit]

Product description[edit]

The 2013 Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS), and the 2015 new version of the catalogue (PCCS2 and PCCS2E), are single-frequency lists of sources extracted from the Planck full mission maps. In the PCCS, the analaysis was done on the total intensity nominal mission maps. In the PCCS2/PCCS2E, the full mission maps in total intensity and polarization have been used.

The main difference between the PCCS2 and PCCS2E is that the sources in the PCCS2 have been validated, either statistically or with external catalogues, while the PCCS2E contains all the remaining sources where an estimate of their reliability has not been made. By definition, the reliability of the PCCS2 is > 80%, but a new flag has been added to the PCCS2 catalogues that allows one to select a subsample of sources with a higher level of reliability (e.g., 90%, 95%, etc.).

Four different photometry methods have been used. For one of the methods, the native photometry from the Mexican Hat Wavelet detection algorithm, the analysis is performed on projected flat patches. For the other methods (Point Spread Function fitting, Gaussian fitting and Aperture photometry), the analysis is performed directly on the maps.

The deeper completeness levels and, as a consequence, the higher number of sources compared with its predecessors the PCCS and the ERCSC, allows the extension of previous studies to more sources and to fainter flux densities.

PCCS2E in Total Intensity
Sky distribution of the PCCS2 total intensity sources at three different channels: 30GHz (red circles), 143GHz (blue circles) and 857GHz (green circles). The dimension of the circles is related to the brightness of the sources and the beam size of each channel.
Sky distribution of the PCCS2E total intensity sources at three different channels: 30GHz (red circles), 143GHz (blue circles) and 857GHz (green circles).


The analysis in polarization has been performed in a non-blind fashion, looking at the position of the sources previously detected in total intensity. As a result, polarization flux densities and polarization angles have been measured for hundreds of sources with a significance >99.99%. This high threshold in significance has been chosen to minimize the possibility of misinterpreting a peak of the polarized background as being a source. This implies that, in general, most of the polarized sources are very bright, introducing an additional selection effect.

PCCS2 in Polarization
Sky distribution of the PCCS2 polarization sources at three different channels: 30GHz (red circles), 44GHz (green circles) and 70GHz (blue circles).
Sky distribution of the PCCS2 polarization sources at three different channels: 100GHz (red circles), 143GHz (blue circles) and 217GHz (green circles) and 353 GHz (black).


PCCS2E in Polarization
Sky distribution of the PCCS2E polarization sources at three different channels: 30GHz (red circles), 44GHz (green circles) and 70GHz (blue circles).
Sky distribution of the PCCS2E polarization sources at three different channels: 100GHz (red circles), 143GHz (blue circles) and 217GHz (green circles) and 353 GHz (black).



Table 1: 2015 PCCS2 and PCCS2E characteristics.
Channel 30 44 70 100 143 217 353 545 857
Frequency [GHz] 28.4 44.1 70.4 100.0 143.0 217.0 353.0 545.0 857.0
Wavelength [μm] 10561 6807 4260 3000 2098 1382 850 550 350
Number of sources
PCCS2 1435 830 1101 1742 2160 2135 1344 1694 4891
PCCS2E 125 104 195 2487 4139 16842 22665 31068 43290
Union PCCS2+PCCS2E 1560 934 1296 4229 6299 18977 24009 32762 48181
PCCSa 1256 731 939 3850 5675 16070 13613 16933 24381
Number of sources in the extragalactic zoneb.
PCCS2 723 346 441 1742 2160 2135 1344 1694 4891
PCCS2E 22 21 63 0 0 26 289 839 2097
Union PCCS2+PCSS2E 745 367 504 1742 2160 2161 1633 2533 6988
PCCSa 572 258 332 1483 1779 1745 1424 3566 7270
Flux densities [mJy] in the extragalactic zoneb .
PCCS2
minimumc 378 621 456 232 147 127 242 535 720
90% completeness 427 692 501 269 177 152 304 555 791
uncertainty 78 127 92 55 35 29 55 105 168
PCCS2E
minimumc 356 494 398 ... ... 189 350 597 939
90% completeness 468 708 501 ... ... 144 311 557 927
uncertainty 86 134 95 ... 35 73 144 278
PCCS
minimumc 461 825 566 267 169 140 273 445 668
90% completeness 575 1047 776 300 190 180 330 570 680
uncertainty 109 198 149 62 39 33 65 119 188

Table 1 Notes

a Planck Collaboration XXVIII (2014)

b 30-70 GHz: as in PCCS, the extragalactic zone is given by |b| > 30◦. 100-857GHz: Outside of galactic region where the reliability cannot be accurately assessed. Note that for the PCCS2E the only sources which occur in this region lie in the filament mask.

c Minimum flux density of the catalogue in the extragalactic zone after excluding the faintest 10% of sources.




Table 2: 2015 PCCS2 & PCCS2E polarization characteristics for sources with polarized emission significance > 99.99%.
Channel 30 44 70 100 143 217 353
Number of significantly polarized sources in PCCS2, 113 29 33 20 25 11 1
Minimum polarized flux densitya [mJy] 117 181 284 138 148 166 453
Polarized flux density uncertainty [mJy] 46 88 91 30 26 30 81
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 90% [mJy] 199 412 397 135 100 136 347
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 95% [mJy] 251 468 454 160 111 153 399
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 100% [mJy] 600 700 700 250 147 257 426
Number of significantly polarized sources in PCCS2E, 9 1 1 43 111 325 666
Minimum polarized flux densitya [mJy] 101 2922 398 121 87 114 348
Polarized flux density uncertainty [mJy] 44 254 116 52 44 55 178
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 90% [mJy] ... ... ... 410 613 270 567
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 95% [mJy] ... ... ... 599 893 464 590
Minimum polarized flux density completeness 100% [mJy] ... ... ... 835 893 786 958

Table 2 Notes

a Minimum polarized flux density of the catalogue of significantly polarised sources after excluding the faintest 10 % of sources.



Table 3: 2013 PCCS characteristics
Channel 30 44 70 100 143 217 353 545 857
Frequency [GHz] 28.4 44.1 70.4 100.0 143.0 217.0 353.0 545.0 857.0
Beam FWHM [arcmin] 32.38 27.10 13.30 9.65 7.25 4.99 4.82 4.68 4.33
SNR threshold 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9/6.0 4.7/7.0 4.9/7.0
# of detections 1256 731 939 3850 5675 16070 13613 16993 24381
# of detections for |b| > 30º 572 258 332 845 1051 1901 1862 3738 7536
Flux density uncertainty [mJy] 109 198 149 61 38 35 69 118 166
Min flux density [mJy] 461 825 566 266 169 149 289 457 658
90% completeness [mJ] 575 1047 776 300 190 180 330 570 680
Position uncertainty5 [arcmin] 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4


Before using the PCCS and PCCS2, please read the Cautionary Notes in the PCCS Planck-2013-XXVIII[1] and PCCS2 [2] papers.

Production process[edit]

For a description of the production and validation processes of the PCCS and PCCS2 see the corresponding section.

Inputs[edit]

The data obtained from the Planck nominal mission (August 12 2009 - November 27 2010) and the Planck full mission (August 12 2009 - August 3 2013) have been processed into full-sky maps by the HFI and LFI Data Processing Centres (DPCs). A description of the processing can be found in [3][3].

The PCCS2 full mission data consist of five complete sky surveys for HFI and eigth complete sky surveys for LFI. This implies that the flux densities of sources obtained from the full mission maps are the average of at least 5 to 8 observations, in the LFI and HFI. The nine Planck frequency channel maps are used as input to the source detection pipelines. The relevant properties of the frequency maps and main parameters used to generate the catalogues are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 (2015 PCCS2/PCCS2E) and Table 3 (PCCS).

The input data used to generate this product are the following:

Related products[edit]

Other products that are related and share some commonalities with the product being described here are the other catalogues:

  1. ERCSC
  2. SZ catalogue

2013 PCCS File names[edit]

COM_PCCS_030_R1.30.fits
COM_PCCS_044_R1.30.fits
COM_PCCS_070_R1.30.fits
COM_PCCS_100_R1.20.fits
COM_PCCS_143_R1.20.fits
COM_PCCS_217_R1.20.fits
COM_PCCS_353_R1.20.fits
COM_PCCS_545_R1.20.fits
COM_PCCS_857_R1.20.fits

2014 PCCS2 File names[edit]

COM_PCCS_030_R2.30.fits
COM_PCCS_044_R2.30.fits
COM_PCCS_070_R2.30.fits
COM_PCCS_100_R2.20.fits
COM_PCCS_143_R2.20.fits
COM_PCCS_217_R2.20.fits
COM_PCCS_353_R2.20.fits
COM_PCCS_545_R2.20.fits
COM_PCCS_857_R2.20.fits


Meta Data[edit]

The PCCS source list in each frequency is structured as a FITS binary table having one row for each detected source. The details of the FITS file structure are below


2015 PCCS2/PCCS2E FITS file structure
Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
INSTRUME String LFI or HFI
VERSION String Version of PCCS (PCCS2 / PCCS2_E)
DATE String Date file created:yyyy-mm-dd
ORIGIN String Name of organization responsible for the data (LFI-DPC – HFI-DPC)
TELESCOP String PLANCK
CREATOR String Pipeline Version
DATE-OBS String days Start-up time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd
DATE-END String days Ending time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd
FWHM Real*4 Arcmin From an elliptical Gaussian fit to the beam
OMEGA_B Real*4 Arcmin^2 Area of the main beam
FWHM_EFF Real*4 Arcmin Computed from OMEGA_B assuming a Gaussian beam
OMEGA_B1 Real*4 Arcmin^2 Beam area within a 1xFWHM_EFF radius
OMEGA_B2 Real*4 Arcmin^2 Beam area within a 2xFWHM_EFF radius
Extension 1: (BINTABLE)
Column Name Data Type Units Description
Identification
NAME String Source name (Note 1)
Source Position
GLON Real*8 degrees Galactic longitude based on extraction algorithm
GLAT Real*8 degrees Galactic latitude based on extraction algorithm
RA Real*8 degrees Right ascension (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT)
DEC Real*8 degrees Declination (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT)
Photometry
DETFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined by detection method
DETFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from detection method
APERFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from the aperture photometry
APERFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from the aperture photometry
PSFFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from PSF fitting
PSFFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from PSF fitting
GAUFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from 2-D Gaussian fitting
GAUFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from 2-D Gaussian fitting
GAU_SEMI1 Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit along axis 1 (FWHM; see Note 4 for axis definition)
GAU_SEMI1_ERR Real*4 arcmin Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived Gaussian fit along axis 1
GAU_SEMI2 Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit along axis 2 (FWHM)
GAU_SEMI2_ERR Real*4 arcmin Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived Gaussian fit along axis 2
GAU_THETA Real*4 deg Gaussian fit orientation angle (Note 4)
GAU_THETA_ERR Real*4 deg Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived gaussian fit orientation angle
GAU_FWHM_EFF Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit effective FWHM
Polarization Measurements (30-353 GHz catalogues only)
P Real*4 mJy Polarisation flux density of the sources as determined by a matched filter – see Note 4
P_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived polarisation flux density – see Note 4
ANGLE_P Real*4 degrees Orientation of polarisation (wrt NGP) – see Note 4, 5
ANGLE_P_ERR Real*4 degrees Uncertainty (1 sigma) in orientation of polarisation – see Note 4
APER_P Real*4 mJy Polarisation flux density of the sources as determined by aperture photometry – see Note 4
APER_P_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived polarisation flux density – see Note 4
APER_ANGLE_P Real*4 degrees Orientation of polarisation (wrt NGP) – see Note 4, 5
APER_ANGLE_P_ERR Real*4 degrees Uncertainty (1 sigma) in orientation of polarisation – see Note 4
P_UPPER_LIMIT Real*4 mJy Polarisation flux density 99.99% upper limit. This is provided only when P column is set to NULL; otherwise this column itself contains a NULL.
APER_P_UPPER_LIMIT Real*4 mJy Polarisation flux density 99.99% upper limit. This is provided only when APER_P column is set to NULL; otherwise this column itself contains a NULL.
Marginal Polarization Measurements (100-353 GHz catalogues only)
P_STAT Integer*2 3, 2, 1, 0 Polarisation detection status – see note 6
PX Real*4 mJy Polarisation flux density of the sources as determined by a matched filter; Bayesian polarisation estimator – see note 6
PX_ERR_LOWER Real*4 mJy “PX” uncertainty; lower 95% error bar – see note 6
PX_ERR_UPPER Real*4 mJy “PX” uncertainty; upper 95% error bar – see note 6
ANGLE_PX Real*4 degrees Orientation of polarisation (wrt NGP); Bayesian polarisation estimator – see Note 5,6
ANGLE_PX_ERR_LOWER Real*4 degrees “ANGLE_PX” uncertainty; lower 95% error bar – see note 6
ANGLE_PX_ERR_UPPER Real*4 degrees “ANGLE_PX” uncertainty; upper 95% error bar – see note 6
Flags and validation
EXTENDED Integer*2 Extended source flag (Note 2)
EXT_VAL Integer*2 External validation flag (Note 3)
ERCSC String Name of the ERCSC counterpart if any
PCCS String Name of the PCCS counterpart if any
HIGHEST_RELIABILITY_CAT Integer*4 See Note 8
Flags and validation (100-857 GHz catalogues only)
WHICH_ZONE Integer*2 See Note 7
Flags and validation (217-857 GHz catalogues only)
CIRRUS_N Integer*2 Number of sources (S/N>5) detected at 857 GHz within a 1-degree radius.
SKY_BRIGHTNESS Real*4 MJy/sr The mean 857 GHz brightness within a 2- degree radius. This may be used as another indicator of cirrus contamination.
ONLY 857 GHz Catalogue
APERFLUX_217 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 217 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_217 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 217 GHz
APERFLUX_353 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 353 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_353 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 353 GHz
APERFLUX_545 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 545 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_545 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 545 GHz


Notes 2015 PCCS2

  1. Source names consist of a prefix and a position. The prefix used is PCCS1 fff for the catalogue at fff GHz. The position is in Galactic coordinates and specified as "Glll.ll±bb.bb" where the (l,b) values are truncated to two decimal places. For example, a source detected at (l,b) = (120.237, 4.231) in the 545 GHz Planck map would be labelled PCCS1 545 G120.23±04.23.
  2. The EXTENDED flag has the value of 0 if the source is compact and the value of 1 is it extended. The source size is determined by the geometric mean of the Gaussian fit FWHMs, with the criteria for extension being sqrt(GAU_FWHMMAJ * GAU_FWHMIN) > 1.5 times the beam FWHM.
  3. The EXT_VAL flag takes the value of 0, 1, 2, or 3 based on the following conditions:
    3 – The source has a clear counterpart in one of the catalogues considered as ancillary data.
    2 – The source does NOT have a clear counterpart in one of the catalogues considered as ancillary data but it has been detected by the internal multi-frequency method.
    1 – The source does NOT have a clear counterpart in one of the catalogues considered as ancillary data and it has NOT been detected by the internal multi-frequency method, but it has been detected in a previous Planck source catalogue.
    0 – The source does NOT have a clear counterpart in one of the catalogues considered as ancillary data and it has NOT been detected by the internal multi-frequency method.
  4. Provided when the significance of the polarization measurement is >99.99% and set to NULL otherwise.
  5. We follow the IAU/ IEEE convention (Hamaker & Bregman 1996 ), for defining the angle of polarization of a source. The polarization angle is measured from the North Galactic Pole in a clockwise direction from -90 to 90 degrees.
  6. The “PX” fields are only available for the channels: 100, 143, 217 and 353 GHz. All “PX” fields contain NULL each time a “Bright” detection is found and the “P” field contains a value different from “0”.
    - Polarisation detection status (P_STAT):
    3 – Bright. “P” field filled in; All “PX” fields set to NULL.
    2 – Significant. “P” field set to NULL; “0” is outside of the “PX” 95% HPD; All “PX” fields are filled.
    1 – Marginal. “P” field set to NULL; “0” is inside of the “PX” 95% HPD, but mode of “PX” posterior distribution is different from “0”; All “PX” fields are filled.
    0 – No detection. . “P” field set to NULL; mode of “PX” posterior distribution is “0”; “PX_ERRL”, “ANGLE_PX”, “ANGLE_PX_ERR_LOWER”, “ANGLE_PX_ERR_UPPER” set to NULL.
  7. WHICH_ZONE this column encodes the zone or zones in which the source lies. (1 - source lies inside filament mask, 2 – source lies inside galactic zone, 3 – sources lies in both filament mask and galactic zone). NOTE: this column is only present when the version keyword in the primary header is set to PCCS2_E.
  8. The HIGHEST_RELIABILTY_CAT column contains the highest reliability catalogue to which the source belongs. As the full catalogue reliability is targeted at 80%, this will be the lowest possible value in this column. Where possible this will be provided in steps of 1% otherwise it will be in steps of 5%. NOTE: this column is only present when the version keyword in the primary header is set to PCCS2.


Associated Data:

The Zone Mask For each frequency channel there will be an associated Healpix map which will contain the information as to where the quantified-reliability and unquantified-reliability zones are on the sky (quantified zone=0, unquantified zone>0).

The Zone Mask FITS file structure
Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
NSIDE Integer - NSIDE of Healpix map
ORDERING String - Galactic
FREQ_CHL String - Frequency Channel

The FITS extension would contain an Integer Healpix Map which would encode the information of the 4 possible regions on the sky (0 – quantified-reliability zone, 1-filament mask, 2-galactic zone, 3 –filament mask and galactic zone).


S/N threshold map For each HFI frequency channel there will be an associated Healpix map which will contain the S/N threshold used to accept sources into the PCCS2 and PCCS2E catalogues.

S/N threshold map FITS file structure
Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
NSIDE Integer - NSIDE of Healpix map
ORDERING String - Galactic
FREQ_CHL String - Frequency Channel

The FITS extension would contain a Real*4 Healpix Map which would contain the S/N threshold applied in the generation of the catalogue at that position on the sky.


Noise map For each HFI frequency channel there will be an associated Healpix map which will contain the detection noise as a function of position on the sky.

Noise map FITS file structure
Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
NSIDE Integer - NSIDE of Healpix map
ORDERING String - Galactic
FREQ_CHL String - Frequency Channel

The FITS extension would contain a Real*4 Healpix Map which would hold the detection noise at each location on the sky.



2013 PCCS FITS file structure
Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
INSTRUME String LFI or HFI
VERSION String Version of PCCS
DATE String Date file created:yyyy-mm-dd
ORIGIN String Name of organization responsible for the data (LFI-DPC – HFI-DPC)
TELESCOP String PLANCK
CREATOR String Pipeline Version
DATE-OBS String days Start-up time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd
DATE-END String days Ending time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd
Extension 1: (BINTABLE)
Column Name Data Type Units Description
Identification
NAME String Source name (Note 1)
Source Position
GLON Real*8 degrees Galactic longitude based on extraction algorithm
GLAT Real*8 degrees Galactic latitude based on extraction algorithm
RA Real*8 degrees Right ascension (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT)
DEC Real*8 degrees Declination (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT)
Photometry
DETFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined by detection method
DETFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from detection method
APERFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from the aperture photometry
APERFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from the aperture photometry
PSFFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from PSF fitting
PSFFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from PSF fitting
GAUFLUX Real*4 mJy Flux density of source as determined from 2-D Gaussian fitting
GAUFLUX_ERR Real*4 mJy Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived flux density from 2-D Gaussian fitting
GAU_SEMI1 Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit along axis 1 (FWHM; see Note 4 for axis definition)
GAU_SEMI1_ERR Real*4 arcmin Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived Gaussian fit along axis 1
GAU_SEMI2 Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit along axis 2 (FWHM)
GAU_SEMI2_ERR Real*4 arcmin Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived Gaussian fit along axis 2
GAU_THETA Real*4 deg Gaussian fit orientation angle (Note 4)
GAU_THETA_ERR Real*4 deg Uncertainty (1 sigma) in derived gaussian fit orientation angle
GAU_FWHM_EFF Real*4 arcmin Gaussian fit effective FWHM
Flags and validation
EXTENDED Integer*2 Extended source flag (Note 2)
CIRRUS_N Integer*2 Number of sources detected at 857 GHz within 1 degree
EXT_VAL Integer*2 External validation flag (Note 3)
ERCSC String Name of the ERCSC counterpart if any
ONLY 857 GHz Catalogue
APERFLUX_217 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 217 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_217 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 217 GHz
APERFLUX_353 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 353 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_353 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 353 GHz
APERFLUX_545 Real*4 mJy Estimated flux density at 545 GHz
APERFLUX_ERR_545 Real*4 mJy Uncertainty in source flux density at 545 GHz


Notes 2013 PCCS

  1. Source names consist of a prefix and a position. The prefix used is PCCS1 fff for the catalogue at fff GHz. The position is in Galactic coordinates and specified as "Glll.ll±bb.bb" where the (l,b) values are truncated to two decimal places. For example, a source detected at (l,b) = (120.237, 4.231) in the 545 GHz Planck map would be labelled PCCS1 545 G120.23±04.23.
  2. The EXTENDED flag has the value of 0 if the source is compact and the value of 1 is it extended. The source size is determined by the geometric mean of the Gaussian fit FWHMs, with the criteria for extension being sqrt(GAU_FWHMMAJ * GAU_FWHMIN) > 1.5 times the beam FWHM.
  3. The EXT_VAL flag takes the value of 0, 1, or 2, based on the following conditions:
    = 2: The source has a clear counterpart in one of the catalogues considered as ancillary data.
    = 1: The source has no clear counterpart in one of the ancillary catalogues but it has been detected by the internal multi-frequency method (LFI channels) or match with neighbouring frequencies, above or below (HFI channels).
    = 0: The source has no clear counterpart in one of the ancillary catalogues and it has not been detected by the internal multi-frequency method or neighbouring frequencies.
  4. The x-axis is defined for each source as parallel to the line of constant colatitude, with the same direction as the longitude. Therefore the position angles are measured anticlockwise from the y-axis.


The SZ catalogues[edit]

The Planck SZ catalogue is constructed as described in SZ catalogue and in section 2 of Planck-2013-XXIX[4].

Three pipelines are used to detect SZ clusters: two independent implementations of the Matched Multi-Filter (MMF1 and MMF3), and PowellSnakes (PwS). The main catalogue is constructed as the union of the catalogues from the three detection methods. The individual catalogues are provided for the expert user in order to assess the consistency of the pipelines. The completeness and reliability of the catalogues have been assessed through internal and external validation as described in sections 3-6 of Planck-2013-XXIX[4].

The union catalogue contains the coordinates and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detections and a summary of the external validation information, including external identification of a cluster and its redshift if it is available.

The individual catalogues contain the coordinates and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detections, and information on the size and flux of the detections. The entries are cross-referenced to the detections in the union catalogue.

The size of a detection is given in terms of the scale size, $\theta_\mathrm{s}$, and the flux is given in terms of the total integrated Comptonization parameter, $Y = Y_{5r_{500}}$. The parameters of the GNFW profile assumed by the detection pipelines is written in the headers in the catalogues. For the sake of convenience, the conversion factor from $Y$ to $Y_{500}$ is also written in the header.

The full information on the degeneracy between $\theta_\mathrm{s}$ and $Y$ is included in the individual catalogues in the form of the two-dimensional probability distribution for each detection. It is computed on a well-sampled grid to produce a two-dimensional image for each detection. The degeneracy information is provided in this form so it can be combined with a model or external data to produce tighter constraints on the parameters.


Union Catalogue[edit]

The union catalogue is contained in COM_PCCS_SZ-union_R1.12.fits.


Extension 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
INSTRUME String Instrument.
VERSION String Version of catalogue.
DATE String Date file created: yyyy-mm-dd.
ORIGIN String Name of organization responsible for the data.
TELESCOP String PLANCK.
CREATOR String Pipeline version.
DATE-OBS String Start time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd.
DATE-END String End time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd.
PROCVER String Data version.
PP_ALPHA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\alpha$ parameter.
PP_BETA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\beta$ parameter.
PP_GAMMA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\gamma$ parameter.
PP_C500 Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $c_{500}$ parameter.
PP_Y2YFH Real*4 Conversion factor from $Y$ to $Y_{500}$.
Extension 1: data extension (BINTABLE)
Column Name Data Type Units Description
INDEX Int*4 Index. Used to cross-reference with individual catalogues.
NAME String Source name, (Note 1)
GLON Real*8 degrees Galactic longitude.
GLAT Real*8 degrees Galactic latitude.
RA Real*8 degrees Right ascension (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT).
DEC Real*8 degrees Declination (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT).
POS_ERR Real*4 arcmin Position uncertainty (approximate 68% confidence interval). See Caveats below.
SNR Real*4 Signal-to-noise ratio of the detection.
PIPELINE Int*4 Souce pipeline: 1= MMF1; 2 = MMF3; 3 = PwS.
PIPE_DET Int*4 Pipelines which detect this object (note 2).
PCCS Bool Indicates whether detection matches any PCCS source.
VALIDATION Int*4 External validation status (Note 3)
ID_EXT String External identifier of cluster.
REDSHIFT Real*4 Redshift of cluster.
COSMO Bool Detection is in the cosmology sample.
COMMENT Bool Detection has a comment in the associated text file (Note 4).

Notes

  1. format is PSZ1 Glll.ll+mn;bb.b where (l,b) are the Galactic and truncated to 2 decimal places.
  2. The three least significant decimal digits are used to represent detection or non-detection by the pipelines. Order of the digits: hundreds = MMF1; tens = MMF3; units = PwS. If it is detected then the corresponding digit is set to 1, otherwise it is set to 0.
  3. values are: 1 = candidate of class 1; 2 = candidate of class 2; 3 = candidate of class 3; 10 = Planck cluster confirmed by follow-up; 20 = known cluster.
  4. The comments on the detections in the catalogue are contained in a text file called COM_PCCS_SZ-union_comments_R1.11.txt, which contains one line for each detection in the union catalogue with COMMENT = T. The line starts with the INDEX and NAME of the detection to facilitate cross-referencing. The remainder of the line is the comment on that detection.

Individual Catalogues[edit]

The individual pipeline catalogues are contained in the FITS files

Their structure is as follows:


FITS file structure
Ext. 0: Primary header, no data
FITS Keyword Data Type Units Description
INSTRUME String Instrument.
VERSION String Version of catalogue.
DATE String Date file created: yyyy-mm-dd.
ORIGIN String Name of organization responsible for the data.
TELESCOP String PLANCK.
CREATOR String Pipeline version.
DATE-OBS String Start time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd.
DATE-END String End time of the survey: yyyy-mm-dd.
PROCVER String Data version.
PP_ALPHA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\alpha$ parameter.
PP_BETA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\beta$ parameter.
PP_GAMMA Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $\gamma$ parameter.
PP_C500 Real*4 GNFW pressure profile $c_{500}$ parameter.
PP_Y2YFH Real*4 Conversion factor from $Y$ to $Y_{500}$.
Ext. 1: EXTNANE = PSZ_INDIVIDUAL (BINTABLE)
Column Name Data Type Units Description
INDEX Int*4 Index from union catalogue.
NAME String Source name - see Note1
GLON Real*8 degrees Galactic longitude.
GLAT Real*8 degrees Galactic latitude.
RA Real*8 degrees Right ascension (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT).
DEC Real*8 degrees Declination (J2000) transformed from (GLON,GLAT).
POS_ERR Real*4 arcmin Position uncertainty (approximate 68% confidence interval). See Caveats below.
SNR Real*4 Signal-to-noise ratio of the detection.
SNR_COMPAT Real*4 SNR of the detection in compatibility mode (Note 2)
TS_MIN Real*4 Minimum value of $\theta_\mathrm{s}$ in grid in second extension HDU (see below).
TS_MAX Real*4 Maximum value of $\theta_\mathrm{s}$ in grid in second extension HDU (see below).
Y_MIN Real*4 Minimum value of $Y$ in grid in second extension HDU (see below).
Y_MAX Real*4 Maximum value of $Y$ in grid in second extension HDU (see below).
Keyword Data Type Value Description
PIPELINE String Name of detection pipeline.
Ext. 2: EXTNAME = PSZ_PROBABILITY (IMAGE) - Note 3
Keyword Data Type Value Description
NAXIS1 Integer 256 Dim 1
NAXIS2 Integer 256 Dim 2
NAXIS3 Integer Nsources Dim 3 = Number of sources
Keyword Data Type Value Description
PIPELINE String Name of detection pipeline.

Notes

  1. Format PSZ1 Glll.ll±bb.bb where (l, b) are the Galactic coordinates truncated to 2 decimal places.
  2. For PwS, this is the S/N evaluated in a manner compatible with the MMF pipelines. For MMF1 and MMF3, it is identical to SNR.
  3. Ext. 2 contains a three-dimensional image with the two-dimensional probability distribution in $\theta_\mathrm{s}$ and $Y$ for each detection. The probability distributions are evaluated on a 256 × 256 linear grid between the limits specified in Ext. 1. The limits are determined independently for each detection. The dimension of the 3D image is 256 × 256 × n, where n is the number of detections. The first dimension is $\theta_\mathrm{s}$ and the second dimension is $Y$.

Mask[edit]

The mask used to construct the catalogue is contained in a file

COM_PCCS_SZ-unionMask_2048_R1.11.fits.

It is in GALACTIC coordinates, NESTED ordering, NSIDE=2048.

Additional information[edit]

A set of comments on the union catalogue is available in

COM_DocPCCS_SZ-union-comments_R1.11.txt

Additional information on the SZ detections was retrieved from external sources and written into the FITS file

COM_PCCS_SZ-validation_R1.12.fits

(for more details see Planck-2013-XXIX[4]). This file contains a single BINTABLE extension. The table contains 1 line per source, and the columns and their meaning are given below.

FITS file structure
Ext. 0: (BINTABLE)
Column Name Data Type Units Description
INDEX Int*4 Index from union catalogue.
NAME String Source name in union catalogue
REDSHIFT Real*4 Redshift
REDSHIFT_SOURCE Int*4 Source for redshift - see Note 4.
ALT_NAME String Alternative names.
RA_MCXC Real*4 degrees Right Ascension of the MCXC identifier.
DEC_MCXC Real*4 degrees Declination of the MCXC identifier.
YZ_500 Real*4 10-4 arcmin2 Compton parameter in R500 from SZ-proxy.
ERRP_YZ_500 Real*4 10-4 arcmin2 Error sup. in YZ_500
ERRM_YZ_500 Real*4 10-4 arcmin2 Error inf. in YZ_500
M_YZ_500 Real*4 1014 Msol Derived mass estimate (M_YZ_500) from SZ proxy.
ERRP_M_YZ_500 Real*4 1014 Msol Error sup. on M_YZ_500.
ERRM_M_YZ_500 Real*4 1014 Msol Error sup. on M_YZ_500.
S_X Real*4 erg/s/cm2 Unabsorbed X-ray flux - see Note 1.
ERR_S_X Real*4 erg/s/cm2 Error on unabsorbed X-ray flux.
Y_PSX_500 Real*4 10-4 arcmin2 SZ signal for PSZ clusters identified with MCXC clusters- see Note 2.
SN_PSX Real*4 Signal to noise for PSZ clusters identified with MCXC clusters - see Note 3.

Notes

  1. Unabsorbed X-ray flux measured in an aperture of 5 arcmin in the band [0.1-2.4] keV. The aperture is centered on the Planck position, except for candidates associated with a BSC source for which we adopt the X-ray position. For sources with [math](S/N)_{RASS} \lt 1\sigma[/math], we only quote an upper limit.
  2. SZ signal re-extracted fixing the size to the X-ray size provided in the MCXC catalogue at the X-ray position, for PSZ clusters identified with MCXC clusters.
  3. Computed in the Planck data at the X-ray position fixing the size to the X-ray size provided in the MCXC catalogue, for PSZ clusters identified with MCXC clusters.
  4. Source for redshifts:
    -1 : No redshift available
     1 : MCXC updated compilation[5]
     2 : Databases NED and SIMBAD-CDS
     3 : SDSS cluster catalogue[6]
     4 : SDSS cluster catalogue[7]
     5 : SPT[8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
     6 : ACT[15][16][17][18]
     7 : Search in SDSS galaxy catalogue from Planck Collab.
    20 : XMM-Newton confirmation from Planck Collab. 
    50 : ENO-imaging confirmation from Planck Collab.
    60 : WFI-imaging confirmation from Planck Collab.
    65 : NTT-spectroscopic confirmation from Planck Collab.
   500 : RTT-spectroscopic confirmation from Planck Collab.
   600 : NOT-spectroscopic confirmation from Planck Collab.
   650 : GEMINI-spectroscopic confirmation from Planck Collab.
   700 : ENO-spectroscopic confirmation from Planck Collab.

Caveats[edit]

The following issue was found in Feb. 2014 in R1.11 of the MMF3 catalogue: the POS_ERR field values are overestimated by a factor 3.125 on average. This issue has been resolved in R1.12. A corrected version of the union catalogue has also been produced (also R1.12)

The approximate 68% (1-sigma) confidence interval in the POS_ERR field is computed as half of the 95% (2-sigma) confidence interval. Previously this was erroneously described as a 95% confidence interval.

The ERCSC[edit]

The Plank Early Release Compact Source Catalogue was the first Planck product to be publicly released in Jan 2011. It was produced with a very rapid turnaround to facilitate follow-up observations with existing c ryogenic observatories such as Herschel. It contained a list of all high reliability sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, that were derived from the first all sky coverage by Planck. i.e., using observations obtained from 12 August 2009 to 6 June 2010. Thus the full sky was covered once, and ~60% of the sky was covered twice. The goals were to achieve a photometric accuracy of 30% and a positional accuracy 1/5 of the beam FWHM in the RMS sense.

The ERCSC consisted of nine source lists, one at each of the nine Planck frequency channels. The number of sources in the lists range from 705 at 30 GHz to 8988 at 857 GHz. No attempt was made to cross-match the sources from the different frequencies due to the wide range of spatial resolutions (33 arcmin at 30 GHz to 4.3 arcmin at 857 GHz) spanned by Planck. Furthermore, a list of Cold Cores of interstellar molecular clouds within the Galaxy and a list of galaxy clusters detected through the Sunyaev- Zel’dovich effect (SZ), were also provided. These consisted of candidate sources that were detected using multifrequency algorithms that use the distinct spectral signature of such sources. The Cold Cores catalogue contained 915 sources while the SZ cluster catalogue consisted of 189 sources

In order to generate the ERCSC, four source detection algorithms were run as part of the ERCSC pipeline. A Monte-Carlo algorithm based on the injection and extraction of artificial sources into the Planck maps was implemented to select reliable sources among all extracted candidates such that the cumulative reliability of the catalogue is >90%. Reliability is defined as the fraction of sources in the catalog which have measured flux densities which are within 30% of their true flux density. There is no requirement on completeness for the ERCSC. As a result of the Monte-Carlo assessment of reliability of sources from the different techniques, an implementation of the PowellSnakes source extraction technique was used at the five frequencies between 30 and 143 GHz while the SExtractor technique was used between 217 and 857 GHz. The 10σ photometric flux density limit of the catalogue at $|b| > 30$ deg is 0.49, 1.0, 0.67, 0.5, 0.33, 0.28, 0.25, 0.47 and 0.82 Jy at each of the nine frequencies between 30 and 857GHz. Sources which are up to a factor of ~2 fainter than this limit, and which are present in "clean" regions of the Galaxy where the sky background due to emission from the interstellar medium is low, are included in the ERCSC if they meet the high reliability criterion. The sensitivity of the ERCSC is shown in the figure below. The ERCSC sources have known associations to stars with dust shells, stellar cores, radio galaxies, blazars, infrared luminous galaxies and Galactic interstellar medium features. A significant fraction of unclassified sources are also present in the catalogs.

The multifrequency information from Planck allows some basic classification of the sources to be undertaken. In the Galactic plane, at frequencies below 100 GHz, the majority of the sources are dominated by synchrotron or free-free emission. At the higher frequencies, the sources are almost exclusively dominated by thermal dust emission. At high Galactic latitudes however, the synchrotron sources dominate the source counts to 217 GHz with dusty sources being the primary source population at 353 GHz and higher. Recent attempts to classify a subset of the Planck 857 GHz sources at high latitudes based on cross-correlations with sources in other catalogs such as WISE and SDSS, found that almost half of them are associated with stars and low-redshift galaxies while a significant fraction (44%) might be interstellar medium features [19].

Full details on the construction, contents and usage of the ERCSC, ECC and ESZ catalogues can be found in Planck-Early-VII[20], Planck-Early-VIII[21], Planck-Early-XXIII[22].


Flux density limits


The figure shows the ERCSC flux density limits, quanitfied as the faintest ERCSC source at |b|<10 deg (dashed black line) and at |b|>30 deg (solid black line), compared to those of other wide area surveys (Planck-Early-VII[20]). Also shown are spectra of known sources of foreground emission as red lines. The ERCSC sensitivity is worse in the Galactic plane due to the strong contribution of ISM emission, especially at submillimeter wavelengths. At face value, the WMAP and Planck flux density limits appear to be comparable at the lowest frequencies, but the Planck ERCSC is much more complete as discussed in Planck-Early-VII[20].

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Planck 2013 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A28
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ 3.03.1
  4. ↑ 4.04.14.2 Planck 2013 results. XXIX. The Planck Catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A29
  5. ↑ The MCXC: a meta-catalogue of x-ray detected clusters of galaxies, R. Piffaretti, M. Arnaud, G. W. Pratt, E. Pointecouteau, J.-B. Melin, A&A, 534, A109, (2011).
  6. ↑ A Catalog of 132,684 Clusters of Galaxies Identified from Sloan Digital Sky Survey III, Z. L. Wen, J. L. Han, F. S. Liu, ApJS, 199, 34, (2012).
  7. ↑ An Optical Catalog of Galaxy Clusters Obtained from an Adaptive Matched Filter Finder Applied to Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6, T. Szabo, E. Pierpaoli, F. Dong, A. Pipino, J. Gunn, ApJ, 736, 21, (2011).
  8. ↑ Galaxy Clusters Selected with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect from 2008 South Pole Telescope Observations, K. Vanderlinde, T. M. Crawford, T. de Haan, J. P. Dudley, L. Shaw, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, A. T. Crites, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, R. J. Foley, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, N. R. Hall, N. W. Halverson, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, A. Loehr, M. Lueker, D. P. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J.J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, C.-C. Ngeow, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, K. K. Schaffer, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, C. W. Stubbs, A. van Engelen, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, Y. Yang, O. Zahn, A. Zenteno, ApJ, 722, 1180-1196, (2010).
  9. ↑ A Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-selected Sample of the Most Massive Galaxy Clusters in the 2500 deg$^{2}$ South Pole Telescope Survey, R. Williamson, B. A. Benson, F. W. High, K. Vanderlinde, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, K. Andersson, R. Armstrong, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bautz, G. Bazin, E. Bertin, L. E. Bleem, M. Bonamente, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, S. C. Chapman, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, G. G. Fazio, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, G. Garmire, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, D. P. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, S. A. Stanford, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, A. Zenteno, ApJ, 738, 139, (2011).
  10. ↑ X-Ray Properties of the First Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Cluster Sample from the South Pole Telescope, K. Andersson, B. A. Benson, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, B. Armstrong, M. Bautz, L. E. Bleem, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, G. Garmire, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, N. W. Halverson, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. P. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. S. Murray, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, C. W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, Y. Yang, O. Zahn, A. Zenteno, ApJ, 738, 48, (2011).
  11. ↑ Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Cluster Profiles Measured with the South Pole Telescope, T. Plagge, B. A. Benson, P. A. R. Ade, K. A. Aird, L. E. Bleem, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, H.-M. Cho, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, M. A. Dobbs, E. M. George, N. R. Hall, N. W. Halverson, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, J. D. Hrubes, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. Padin, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, J. E. Ruhl, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, O. Zahn, ApJ, 716, 1118-1135, (2010).
  12. ↑ Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the First 720 Square Degrees of the South Pole Telescope Survey, C. L. Reichardt, B. Stalder, L. E. Bleem, T. E. Montroy, K. A. Aird, K. Andersson, R. Armstrong, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bautz, M. Bayliss, G. Bazin, B. A. Benson, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, H. M. Cho, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, R. J. Foley, W. R. Forman, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, N. L. Harrington, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, C. Jones, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. Liu, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, A. Mantz, D. P. Marrone, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, L. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, S. S. Murray, T. Natoli, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, R. Suhada, A. van Engelen, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, A. Vikhlinin, R. Williamson, O. Zahn, A. Zenteno, ApJ, 763, 127, (2013).
  13. ↑ South Pole Telescope Detections of the Previously Unconfirmed Planck Early Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Clusters in the Southern Hemisphere, K. Story, K. A. Aird, K. Andersson, R. Armstrong, G. Bazin, B. A. Benson, L. E. Bleem, M. Bonamente, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, S. Desai, M. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, R. J. Foley, E. M. George, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, D. P. Marrone, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, J. Song, H. G. Spieler, B. Stalder, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, C. W. Stubbs, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, A. Zenteno, ApJ, 735, L36, (2011).
  14. ↑ Redshifts, Sample Purity, and BCG Positions for the Galaxy Cluster Catalog from the First 720 Square Degrees of the South Pole Telescope Survey, J. Song, A. Zenteno, B. Stalder, S. Desai, L. E. Bleem, K. A. Aird, R. Armstrong, M. L. N. Ashby, M. Bayliss, G. Bazin, B. A. Benson, E. Bertin, M. Brodwin, J. E. Carlstrom, C. L. Chang, H. M. Cho, A. Clocchiatti, T. M. Crawford, A. T. Crites, T. de Haan, M. A. Dobbs, J. P. Dudley, R. J. Foley, E. M. George, D. Gettings, M. D. Gladders, A. H. Gonzalez, N. W. Halverson, N. L. Harrington, F. W. High, G. P. Holder, W. L. Holzapfel, S. Hoover, J. D. Hrubes, M. Joy, R. Keisler, L. Knox, A. T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. Liu, M. Lueker, D. Luong-Van, D. P. Marrone, M. McDonald, J. J. McMahon, J. Mehl, S. S. Meyer, L. Mocanu, J. J. Mohr, T. E. Montroy, T. Natoli, D. Nurgaliev, S. Padin, T. Plagge, C. Pryke, C. L. Reichardt, A. Rest, J. Ruel, J. E. Ruhl, B. R. Saliwanchik, A. Saro, J. T. Sayre, K. K. Schaffer, L. Shaw, E. Shirokoff, R. Suhada, H. G. Spieler, S. A. Stanford, Z. Staniszewski, A. A. Stark, K. Story, C. W. Stubbs, A. van Engelen, K. Vanderlinde, J. D. Vieira, R. Williamson, O. Zahn, ApJ, 761, 22, (2012).
  15. ↑ The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Sunyaev-Zel'dovich selected galaxy clusters at 148 GHz from three seasons of data, M. Hasselfield, M. Hilton, T. A. Marriage, G. E. Addison, L. F. Barrientos, N. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, J. R. Bond, D. Crichton, S. Das, M. J. Devlin, S. R. Dicker, J. Dunkley, R. Dünner, J. W. Fowler, M. B. Gralla, A. Hajian, M. Halpern, A. D. Hincks, R. Hlozek, J. P. Hughes, L. Infante, K. D. Irwin, A. Kosowsky, D. Marsden, F. Menanteau, K. Moodley, M. D. Niemack, M. R. Nolta, L. A. Page, B. Partridge, E. D. Reese, B. L. Schmitt, N. Sehgal, B. D. Sherwin, J. Sievers, C. Sifóon, D. N. Spergel, S. T. Staggs, D. S. Swetz, E. R. Switzer, R. Thornton, H. Trac, E. J. Wollack, J. Cosmology Astropart. Phys., 7, 8, (2013).
  16. ↑ The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-Selected Galaxy Clusters at 148 GHz in the 2008 Survey, T. A. Marriage, V. Acquaviva, P. A. R. Ade, P. Aguirre, M. Amiri, J. W. Appel, L. F. Barrientos, E. S. Battistelli, J. R. Bond, B. Brown, B. Burger, J. Chervenak, S. Das, M. J. Devlin, S. R. Dicker, W. Bertrand Doriese, J. Dunkley, R. Dünner, T. Essinger-Hileman, R. P. Fisher, J. W. Fowler, A. Hajian, M. Halpern, M. Hasselfield, C. Hernández-Monteagudo, G. C. Hilton, M. Hilton, A. D. Hincks, R. Hlozek, K. M. Huffenberger, D. Handel Hughes, J. P. Hughes, L. Infante, K. D. Irwin, J. Baptiste Juin, M. Kaul, J. Klein, A. Kosowsky, J. M. Lau, M. Limon, Y.-T. Lin, R. H. Lupton, D. Marsden, K. Martocci, P. Mauskopf, F. Menanteau, K. Moodley, H. Moseley, C. B. Netterfield, M. D. Niemack, M. R. Nolta, L. A. Page, L. Parker, B. Partridge, H. Quintana, E. D. Reese, B. Reid, N. Sehgal, B. D. Sherwin, J. Sievers, D. N. Spergel, S. T. Staggs, D. S. Swetz, E. R. Switzer, R. Thornton, H. Trac, C. Tucker, R. Warne, G. Wilson, E. Wollack, Y. Zhao, ApJ, 737, 61, (2011).
  17. ↑ The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Physical Properties and Purity of a Galaxy Cluster Sample Selected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect, F. Menanteau, J. González, J.-B. Juin, T. A. Marriage, E. D. Reese, V. Acquaviva, P. Aguirre, J. W. Appel, A. J. Baker, L. F. Barrientos, E. S. Battistelli, J. R. Bond, S. Das, A. J. Deshpande, M. J. Devlin, S. Dicker, J. Dunkley, R. Dünner, T. Essinger-Hileman, J. W. Fowler, A. Hajian, M. Halpern, M. Hasselfield, C. Hernández-Monteagudo, M. Hilton, A. D. Hincks, R. Hlozek, K. M. Huffenberger, J. P. Hughes, L. Infante, K. D. Irwin, J. Klein, A. Kosowsky, Y.-T. Lin, D. Marsden, K. Moodley, M. D. Niemack, M. R. Nolta, L. A. Page, L. Parker, B. Partridge, N. Sehgal, J. Sievers, D. N. Spergel, S. T. Staggs, D. Swetz, E. Switzer, R. Thornton, H. Trac, R. Warne, E. Wollack, Apj, 723, 1523-1541, (2010).
  18. ↑ The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Dynamical Masses and Scaling Relations for a Sample of Massive Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Selected Galaxy Clusters, C. Sifón, F. Menanteau, M. Hasselfield, T. A. Marriage, J. P. Hughes, L. F. Barrientos, J. González, L. Infante, G. E. Addison, A. J. Baker, N. Battaglia, J. R. Bond, D. Crichton, S. Das, M. J. Devlin, J. Dunkley, R. Dünner, M. B. Gralla, A. Hajian, M. Hilton, A. D. Hincks, A. B. Kosowsky, D. Marsden, K. Moodley, M. D. Niemack, M. R. Nolta, L. A. Page, B. Partridge, E. D. Reese, N. Sehgal, J. Sievers, D. N. Spergel, S. T. Staggs, R. J. Thornton, H. Trac, E. J. Wollack, ApJ, 772, 25, (2013).
  19. ↑ Classification of Compact Submillimeter Sources in the Planck Archive, C. H. Johnson, C. Border, K. O'Connor, D. Rothrock, R. Chary, M. Bingham, M. Clark, M. Ernst, S. Gilbert, S. Koop, M. Maddaus, I. Miller, A. O'Bryan, T. Ravelomanantsoa, D. San Miguel, L. Schmidt, E. Searls, W. Tong, O. Torres, A. Zeidner, NITARP, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, 221, 352.18, (2013).
  20. ↑ 20.020.120.2 Planck early results. VII. The Early Release Compact Source Catalogue, Planck Collaboration VII, A&A, 536, A7, (2011).
  21. ↑ Planck early results. VIII. The all-sky early Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster sample, Planck Collaboration VIII, A&A, 536, A8, (2011).
  22. ↑ Planck early results. XXIII. The Galactic cold core population revealed by the first all-sky survey, Planck Collaboration XXIII, A&A, 536, A23, (2011).

Early Release Compact Source Catalog

Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum

(Planck) High Frequency Instrument

(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument

Flexible Image Transfer Specification

Data Processing Center

Sunyaev-Zel'dovich

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