Difference between revisions of "TOI processing"

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==Overview==
 
==Overview==
  
We describe here how the TOIs are processed in order to be used for map production. We do not repeat the general features of the pipeline which are given in the HFI Data Processing article <cite>#planck2013-p03</cite> {{P2013|6}}. Here we give complementary explanations on some details. The TOI of each bolometer is processed independently of the other bolometers, so as to keep the noise properties as uncorrelated as possible. The processing involves modifying the TOI itself for what concerns the conversion to absorbed power and the correction of glitch tails. It also adds a flag TOI that masks the TOI samples that are not to be projected on maps for various reasons.
+
We describe here how the TOIs are processed in order to be used for map production. We do not repeat the general features of the pipeline, which are given in the HFI Data Processing paper {{PlanckPapers|planck2013-p03}} for PR1 and  {{PlanckPapers|planck2014-a08}} for PR2. Here we give complementary explanations in some detail. The TOI of each bolometer is processed independently of the other bolometers, so as to keep the noise properties as uncorrelated as possible. The processing involves modifying the TOI itself for the conversion to absorbed power and the correction of glitch tails. It also adds a flag TOI that masks the TOI samples that are not to be projected onto maps for various reasons.
  
 
== Input TOI ==
 
== Input TOI ==
  
The input TOI consists in the AC modulated voltage output of the readout of each bolometer. The input has previously been decompressed, and converted from internal digital units to voltage via a constant factor. The TOI has a regular sampling at the acquisition frequency of facq=180.373700+-0.000050 Hz. There are almost no missing data in the TOIs, except for few hundred samples of 545 and 857GHz TOIs which are lost in the on-board compression due to saturation on the Galactic Center crossings.  
+
The input TOI consists of the AC-modulated voltage output read out of each bolometer. The input has previously been decompressed, and converted from internal digital units to voltages via a constant factor. The TOI has a regular sampling at the acquisition frequency of <i>f</i><sub>acq</sub>=(180.373700&plusmn;0.000050)Hz. There are almost no missing data in the TOIs, except for a few hundred samples of 545 and 857 GHz TOIs, which were lost in the on-board compression due to saturation on the Galactic centre crossings.
  
 
== General pipeline structure ==
 
== General pipeline structure ==
  
The following figure shows how the initial TOI is transformed and how flags are produced:
+
The following figure shows how the initial TOI is transformed and how flags are produced.
  
[[File:HFI_4_4_2_ToiProc_ExplS.png|thumb|500px|center|A schematic of the TOI processing pipeline]]
+
[[File:HFI_4_4_2_ToiProc_ExplS.png|thumb|500px|center|A schematic of the TOI processing pipeline.]]
  
 
== Output TOIs and products ==
 
== Output TOIs and products ==
  
A TOI of clean calibrated samples and a combined flag TOI are the outputs of the processing. The clean calibrated TOI is calibrated so as to represent the instantaneous power absorbed by the detector up to a constant (which will be determined by the map-making destriper).  It is worth mentioning how the clean calibrated TOI is changed with respect to the input TOI, beyond the harmless constant conversion factor from voltage to absorbed power. The demodulation stage allows to get the demodulated bolometer voltage. The non-linearity correction is a second-order polynomial correction based on the physical but static bolometer model. In order to avoid too much masking after glitches, a glitch tail is subtracted after an occurrence of a glitch in the TOI. The 4K cooler lines noise is substituted at a series of 9 single temporal frequencies. Finally, the temporal response of the bolometer is deconvolved. This affects mostly the high-temporal frequency part of the TOI, although a small but significant low frequency (the long time response) tail is corrected too. Although flagged samples are not projected, their value influences the valid samples somehow. Hence interpolation procedures introduce some indirect modifications of the TOI.
+
A TOI of clean calibrated samples and a combined flag TOI are the outputs of the processing. The clean calibrated TOI is calibrated so as to represent the instantaneous power absorbed by the detector, up to a constant (which will be determined by the mapmaking destriper).  It is worth mentioning how the clean calibrated TOI is changed with respect to the input TOI, beyond the basic constant conversion factor from voltage to absorbed power. The demodulation stage allows one to obtain the demodulated bolometer voltage. The nonlinearity correction is a second-order polynomial correction based on the physical but static bolometer model. In order to avoid too much masking after glitches, a glitch tail is subtracted after an occurrence of a glitch in the TOI. The 4-K cooler lines are removed at a series of nine single temporal frequencies. Finally, the temporal response of the bolometer is deconvolved. This affects mostly the high-temporal frequency part of the TOI, although a small but significant low frequency tail (the long time response) is corrected too. Although flagged samples are not projected, their value still influences the valid samples. Hence interpolation procedures introduce some indirect modifications of the TOI.
The flag TOI is a combination a dozen flags with an OR logic. Only unflagged data are projected. The exhaustive list of flags is given here: CompressionError, NoData, SSO, UnstablePointing, Glitch, BoloPlateFluctuation, RTS, Jump, PSBab. A complete qualification of the data is obtained at the ring level. If the TOI shows an anomalous behaviour on a given ring, this ring is discarded from projection.  A special production of TOIs is also made as an input to the beam analysis with Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
+
The flag TOI is a combination of flags with an OR logic. Only unflagged data are projected. The exhaustive list of flags is: CompressionError; SSO; UnstablePointing; Glitch; BoloPlateFluctuation; RTS; Jump; and PSBab. A complete qualification of the data is obtained at the ring level. If the TOI shows any anomalous behaviour on a given ring, this ring is discarded from projection.  A special TOI is also produced as an input to the beam analysis for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
 
 
  
 
== Examples of clean TOIs ==
 
== Examples of clean TOIs ==
 
<center>
 
<center>
<gallery widths=200px perrow=3>
+
<gallery heights=200px widths=300px perrow=3>
File:10_143_5_PBR_10800RING_LFER4_JC.jpg|Phase-binned signal (PBR) for 6 consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005
+
File:10_143_5_PBR_10800RING_LFER4_JC.jpg|Phase-binned signal (PBR) for six consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005.
File:10_143_5_rcircles_LFER4_JC.jpg| Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for 2 consecutive circles of the ring 4000
+
File:10_143_5_rcircles_LFER4_JC.jpg| Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for two consecutive circles of ring 4000.
File:10_143_5_fft_LFER4_JC.jpg| Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of the ring 4005 with signal before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution (top) and noise (bottom)
+
File:10_143_5_fft_LFER4_JC.jpg| Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of ring 4005 with signal (top) before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution and with noise (bottom) also shown.
File:14_545_1_PBR_10800RING_LFER4_JC.jpg|Phase-binned signal (PBR) for 6 consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005
+
File:14_545_1_PBR_10800RING_LFER4_JC.jpg|Phase-binned signal (PBR) for six consecutive rings from 4000 to 4005.
File:14_545_1_rcircles_LFER4_JC.jpg| Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for 2 consecutive circles of the ring 4000
+
File:14_545_1_rcircles_LFER4_JC.jpg| Valid signal (up) and noise (bottom) for two consecutive circles of ring 4000.
File:14_545_1_fft_LFER4_JC.jpg| Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of the ring 4005 with signal before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution (top) and noise (bottom)
+
File:14_545_1_fft_LFER4_JC.jpg| Fourier power spectral density of the first 30 minutes of ring 4005, with signal (top) before (pink) and after (black) deconvolution and with noise (bottom) also shown.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
</center>
 
</center>
Line 34: Line 33:
 
== Trends in the output processing variables ==
 
== Trends in the output processing variables ==
  
Here we intend to show the trend of the systematic effects that are dealt with in the TOI processing. The full impact of each of them is analyzed in the [[HFI-Validation]] section.
+
Here we show trends in the systematic effects that are dealt with in the TOI processing. The full impact of each of them is analysed in the [[HFI-Validation]] section.
  
 
=== ADC baseline ===
 
=== ADC baseline ===
The following figure shows the ADC baseline which is used prior to demodulation (a constant offset is removed for clarity). This baseline is obtained by smoothing on an hour block average the undemodulated TOI on unflagged samples.
+
The following figure shows the ADC baseline that is used prior to demodulation (a constant offset is removed for clarity). This baseline is obtained by smoothing on an hourtimescale by block-averaging the undemodulated TOI on unflagged samples.
  
[[File:baseline.jpg|thumb|500px|center|ADC baseline for all bolometers]]
+
[[File:baseline.jpg|thumb|500px|center|ADC baseline for all bolometers.]]
  
 
=== Glitch statistics ===
 
=== Glitch statistics ===
The glitch rate per channel is shown in this figure. For details, see copap.
+
The glitch rate per channel is shown in the figure below. For details, see {{PlanckPapers|planck2013-p03e}}
  
[[File:figIntermPaperGR.jpg|400px|center|Glitch rate evolution]]
+
[[File:figIntermPaperGR.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Glitch rate evolution.]]
  
The percentage of flagged data (mostly due to Cosmic Rays) at the ring level is shown in these examples. No smoothing was applied. Only valid rings are shown.
+
The percentage of flagged data (mostly due to cosmic rays) at the ring level is shown in these examples. No smoothing was applied and only valid rings are shown.
<gallery widths=250px perrow=2 caption="Percentage of flagged data">
+
<center>
File:group10_143_5.jpg | 143 GHz bolometers
+
<gallery heights=300px widths=300px perrow=2>
File:group14_545_1.jpg | 545 GHz bolometers
+
File:group10_143_5.jpg | 143GHz bolometers.
 +
File:group14_545_1.jpg | 545GHz bolometers.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
[[Media:PercentUnvalid2.pdf|The complete set of plots is here]]
+
'''Percentage of flagged data'''
 +
</center>
 +
The complete set of plots is attached [[Media:PercentUnvalid2.pdf|here]].
  
 
=== Thermal template for decorrelation ===
 
=== Thermal template for decorrelation ===
[[File:T90.jpg|400px|Thermal template used for the decorrelation from bolometer plate temperature fluctuations]]
+
[[File:T90.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Thermal template used for the decorrelation from bolometer plate temperature fluctuations.]]
  
A simple linear decorrelation is performed using the 2 dark bolometers as a proxy of the bolometer plate temperature. Coupling coefficients were measured during the CPV phase.
+
A simple linear decorrelation is performed using the two "dark" bolometers as a proxy of the bolometer plate temperature. Coupling coefficients were measured during the CPV phase.
  
=== 4K cooler lines variability ===
+
=== 4-K cooler lines variability ===
The amplitude of the nine 4K cooler lines in aW at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 17 Hz is shown for 2 bolometers in the following figures. The trend is smoothed over 31 ring values after having discarded measurements done at a ring which is discarded for all bolometers.
+
The amplitude of the nine 4-K cooler lines at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 17Hz is shown (in aW) for two bolometers in the following figures. The trend is smoothed over 31 ring values after having discarded measurements done at a ring that is discarded for all bolometers.
<gallery widths=250px perrow=2 caption="Amplitude of the nine 4K cooler lines">
+
<center>
 +
<gallery heights=300px widths=300px perrow=2>
 
File:10_143_5_4Klines.jpg | 143_5 bolometer
 
File:10_143_5_4Klines.jpg | 143_5 bolometer
 
File:14_545_1_4Klines.jpg | 545_1 bolometer
 
File:14_545_1_4Klines.jpg | 545_1 bolometer
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
[[Media:Lines4K.pdf|The 4K cooler line coefficients of all bolometers are shown in this file]]
+
'''Amplitude of the nine 4-K cooler lines'''
 +
</center>
 +
 
 +
The 4-K cooler line coefficients of all bolometers are shown in [[Media:Lines4K.pdf|this file]].
  
The 4K cooler lines project onto the maps only for a limited fraction of rings, the so-called resonant rings. This is graphically shown in the following figure. For each ring (stable pointing period), the spin rate is very stable at about 1 rpm. From one ring to another, the spin frequency (shown as diamonds) changes around that value. The sky signal is imprinted at the corresponding spin frequency and its 5400 (60x90) harmonics. If one of the nine 4K cooler lines happens to coincide with one of the spin frequency harmonics (a resonant ring), it will project a sine-wave systematic on the maps. The horizontal coloured bars show the zone of influence of a particular 4K line (labeled on the left side of the plot), when folded around 16.666 mHz. When the spin frequency hits one of these zones, we have a resonant ring. The 4K line coefficient is interpolated for this ring and an estimate of the systematic effect is subtracted from the TOI. Resonant rings are different for different 4K lines. Note the two-level oscillation pattern of the spin frequency is due to the satellite attitude control system.
+
The 4-K cooler lines project onto the maps only for a limited fraction of rings, the so-called "resonant rings." This is graphically shown in the following figure. For each ring (fixed pointing period), the spin rate is very stable at about 1rpm. From one ring to another, the spin frequency (shown as diamonds) changes around that value. The sky signal is imprinted at the corresponding spin frequency and its 5400 (60&times;90) harmonics. If one of the nine 4-K cooler lines happens to coincide with one of the spin frequency harmonics (a resonant ring), it will project a sine-wave systematic onto the maps. The horizontal coloured bars show the zone of influence of a particular 4-K line (labelled on the left side of the plot), when folded around 16.666mHz. When the spin frequency hits one of these zones, we have a resonant ring. The 4-K line coefficient is interpolated for this ring and an estimate of the systematic effect is subtracted from the TOI. Resonant rings are different for different 4-K lines. Note the two-level oscillation pattern of the spin frequency, which is due to the satellite attitude control system.
  
[[File:spinfreq1.jpg|600px|Spin frequency and 4K line zones of influence]]
+
[[File:spinfreq1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Spin frequency and 4-K line zones of influence.]]
  
=== jump correction ===
+
=== Jump correction ===
A piecewise constant value is removed to the TOI if a jump is detected. See a jump example in this figure:
+
A piecewise constant value is removed from the TOI if a jump is detected. An example of a jump is shown in the following figure:
  
[[File:jump_exe.png|200px|An example of a jump seen on the rmsigTOI]]
+
[[File:jump_exe.png|thumb|500px|center|An example of a jump seen on the noise TOI.]]
  
The number of jumps per day (all bolometers included) is shown in this figure:
+
The number of jumps per day (all bolometers included) is shown in this figure.
  
[[File:jumps_per_day.png|200px|Evolution of jump number during the mission]]
+
[[File:jumps_per_day.png|thumb|500px|center|Evolution of jump number during the mission.]]
  
The jumps are uncorrelated from bolometer to bolometer. The total number of jumps detected in the nominal and full mission is shown here:
+
The jumps are uncorrelated from bolometer to bolometer. The total number of jumps detected in the nominal and full mission is shown below.
  
[[File:jumps_per_bolometer.png|200px|Number of jumps per bolometer]]
+
[[File:jumps_per_bolometer.png|thumb|500px|center|Number of jumps per bolometer.]]
  
  
 
=== Trends in noise and signal ===
 
=== Trends in noise and signal ===
<gallery widths=300px perrow=2 caption="Signal (top) and noise (bottom) smoothed at 1 minute. All values falling in a discarded ring are not plotted.">
+
<center>
 +
<gallery heights=300px widths=600px perrow=2 >
 
File:10_143_5_smooth_Watt.jpg | 143_5 bolometer
 
File:10_143_5_smooth_Watt.jpg | 143_5 bolometer
 
File:14_545_1_smooth_Watt.jpg | 545_1 bolometer
 
File:14_545_1_smooth_Watt.jpg | 545_1 bolometer
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
<small>'''Signal (top) and noise (bottom) smoothed over 1 minute. All values falling in a discarded ring are not plotted.'''</small>
 +
</center>
  
[[Media:check_smooth.pdf|The smooth TOIs of all detectors are shown in this file]]
+
The smooth TOIs of all detectors are shown in [[Media:check_smooth.pdf|this file]].
  
 
=== Noise stationarity ===
 
=== Noise stationarity ===
This is not the final version but gives a good idea of power spectra at the detector level of rmsigTOIs.
+
This is not the final version but gives a good idea of power spectra at the detector level of noise TOIs. All PSDs can be seen in [[Media:v53_meanSpectra_bySurvey.pdf|this file]].
[[Media:v53_meanSpectra_bySurvey.pdf|All PSDs can be seen in this file]]
+
 
 +
The standard deviation per ring corrected for ring duration bias is given here, one per bolometer using only valid rings. No smoothing is applied (except a 31-point smoothing for the 545 and 857 GHz channels), but values for rings discarded for all bolometers (see below) are not used. The standard deviation is computed on samples valid for mapmaking that are also not affected by the Galaxy or the point-sources using the usual flags. Two examples are shown below.
  
The standard deviation per ring corrected by ring duration bias is given here, one per bolometer using only valid rings. No smoothing is applied (except a 31-point smoothing for the 545 and 857 GHz channels) but values for rings discarded for all bolometers (see below) are not used. The standard deviation is computed on samples valid for map-making which are also not affected by the Galaxy or the point-sources using the usual flags. Two examples are given here.
+
<center>
<gallery widths=250px perrow=2 caption="Standard deviation per ring">
+
<gallery heights=300px widths=300px perrow=2>
File:stddev_group10_143_5.jpg | 143_5 bolometer
+
File:stddev_group10_143_5.jpg | 143_5 bolometer.
File:stddev_group_14_545_1.jpg | 545_1 bolometer
+
File:stddev_group_14_545_1.jpg | 545_1 bolometer.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
'''Standard deviation per ring'''
 +
</center>
  
 +
The full series of plots is below.
 +
[[Media:StationarityInROIoutput2.pdf|Standard deviation of noise TOIs at the ring level.]]
  
The full series of plots is here:
+
Note the presence for three bolometers of a two-level noise system. No correction has been made for that effect. See one example below.
[[Media:StationarityInROIoutput2.pdf|Standard deviation of rmsig TOIs at the ring level]]
 
 
 
Note the presence for 3 bolometers of a two-level noise system. No correction can be done for that effect. See one example here:
 
  
[[File:23_353_TwoLevel.jpg|300px|An example of two-level noise system is seen in bolometer 23_353_3a]]
+
[[File:23_353_TwoLevel.jpg|thumb|500px|center|An example of a two-level noise system is seen in bolometer 23_353_3a]]
  
  
An example of the higher order statistics which are used to unveil rings affected by RTS problems.
+
An example of the higher-order statistics that are used to unveil rings affected by RTS problems is below.
  
[[File:HFI_4_4_2_RTSexample13.jpg|400px|Example of RTS detection]]
+
[[File:HFI_4_4_2_RTSexample13.jpg|thhumb|600px|center|Example of RTS detection]]
  
 
=== Discarded rings ===
 
=== Discarded rings ===
  
Some rings are discarded (flagged) from further use (beam making, map making) by using ring statistics (see above and <cite>#planck2013-p03</cite>). For each statistic, we compare each ring value to the ring values averaged (RVA) over a large selection of rings (between 3000 and 21700). We also define the modified standard deviation (MSD) of a ring quantity as the standard deviation of that quantity over the rings that deviate by less than five nominal standard deviations. This truncation is necessary to be robust against extreme deviant rings.
+
Some rings are discarded (flagged) from further use (e.g., beam-making, and mapmaking) by using ring statistics (see above and {{PlanckPapers|planck2013-p03}}). For each statistic, we compare each ring value to the ring values averaged (RVA) over a large selection of rings (between 3000 and 21700). We also define the modified standard deviation (MSD) of a ring quantity as the standard deviation of that quantity over the rings that deviate by less than five nominal standard deviations. This truncation is necessary to be robust against extremely deviant rings.
  
 
More specifically, a ring is discarded if it matches one of the following criteria:
 
More specifically, a ring is discarded if it matches one of the following criteria:
  
* the | mean-median | deviates from the RVA by more than fifteen times the MSD.
+
* the | mean-median | deviates from the RVA by more than fifteen times the MSD;
* the standard deviation deviates from the RVA by more than -5 times the MSD (all cases corresponding to almost empty rings) or +15 times the MSD.
+
* the standard deviation deviates from the RVA by more than -5 times the MSD (all cases corresponding to almost empty rings) or +15 times the MSD;
* the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test deviates from the RVA by more than 15 times the MSD.
+
* the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test deviates from the RVA by more than 15 times the MSD;
* the ring duration is more than 90 min.
+
* the ring duration is more than 90 min;
* the ring is contaminated by RTS with an amplitude of more than one standard deviation of the noise. It concerns a few hundreds of rings for 3 bolometers (44_217_6b, 71_217_8a, 74_857_4). Notice that two bolometers are completely discarded for maps: 55_545_3 and 70_143_8, which present RTS at all time.
+
* the ring is contaminated by RTS with an amplitude of more than one standard deviation of the noise.
 +
 
 +
This last item concerns a few hundreds rings for three bolometers (44_217_6b, 71_217_8a, 74_857_4). Notice that two bolometers are completely discarded for maps, namely 55_545_3 and 70_143_8, which present RTS at all times.
  
For the three first criteria, a visual inspection of the rmsigTOI at each of the incriminated rings has shown that all these anomalous rings are due to either a drift, a small jump in the TOI trend or a sudden change of noise level, the origin of which is unknown at present.
+
For the three first criteria, a visual inspection of the noise TOI at each of the incriminated rings has shown that all such anomalous rings are due to either a drift, a small jump in the TOI trend, or a sudden change of noise level, the origin of which is unknown at present.
  
Once the list of discarded rings per bolometer is produced, a common list of discarded rings can be extracted for all bolometers (by using discarded rings for at least half the bolometers). Such rings correspond to identified phenomena, as can be seen on the following table.
+
Once the list of discarded rings per bolometer is produced, a common list of discarded rings can be extracted for all bolometers (by using discarded rings for at least half the bolometers). Such rings correspond to identified phenomena, as can be seen in the following table.
  
Furthermore, an isolated valid ring stuck between two common discarded rings becomes discarded as well.
+
Furthermore, an isolated valid ring sandwiched between two common discarded rings becomes discarded as well.
  
Table of '''common discarded rings''' of the nominal mission (rings 240-14723).
+
Table of "common discarded rings" of the full mission (rings 240-27005).
  
{|table border=1 align=center cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style=text-align:center
+
<center>
! '''Cause''' !! '''ring number'''
+
{| class="wikitable"  align="center" style="text-align:center" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width=500px
 +
|- bgcolor="ffdead"
 +
! '''Cause''' !! '''Ring number'''
 +
|-
 +
|align="left"| Manoeuvre || 304 1312 3590 3611 3642 3922 4949 6379 8456 11328
 
|-
 
|-
!align="left"| manoeuvre
+
| align="left"| Sorption Cooler switchover || 11149 11150 11151 11152
|align="center"|304 1312 3590 3611 3642 3922 4949 6379 8456 11328
 
 
|-
 
|-
! align="left"| Sorption Cooler Switchover
+
| align="left"| Rings too long || 440 474 509 544 897 898 3589 13333 14627 14653 
|align="center"| 11149 11150 11151 11152
 
 
|-
 
|-
! align="left"| Rings too long
+
| align="left"| Star tracker switchover || 14628 14654 14842 16407 18210
| align="center"| 440 474 509 544 897 898 3589 13333 14627 14653 
 
 
|-
 
|-
! align="left"| Star tracker switchover
+
| align="left"| Massive glitch event || 7665 
| align="center"| 14628 14654
 
 
|-
 
|-
! align="left"| Massive Glitch Event
+
| align="left"| Solar flare || 11235 20451 20452 20453 20454 20455 20456
| align="center"| 7665  
 
 
|-
 
|-
! align="left"| Solar Flare
+
| align="left"| End-Of-Life tests || 24185-24187 24206 24782 24806-24810 24973-24976 25074-25176 25850-25863 26231-26235 26520-26619
| align="center"| 11235 
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
</center>
  
  
  
The following figure is a summary of the impact of the discarding process '''for each bolometer''' (the solid black line is the common discarded ring percentage). The outlier bolometers have some RTS problems as mentionned above.
+
The following figure is a summary of the impact of the discarding process <i>for each bolometer</i> (the solid black line is the common discarded ring percentage). The outlier bolometers have some RTS problems, as mentionned above.
  
[[File:Fraction_discarded_rings_v53.png|300px|Fraction of discarded rings]]
+
<center>
[[File:Fraction_discarded_time_v53.png|300px|Fraction of time due to discarded rings]]
+
<gallery heights=300 widths=600px perrow=4 caption="">
 +
File:Fraction_discarded_rings_v53.png | Fraction of discarded rings.
 +
File:Fraction_discarded_time_v53.png | Fraction of time due to discarded rings.
 +
</gallery>
 +
</center>
  
 
=== Effective integration time ===
 
=== Effective integration time ===
The following figure summarizes the effective integration time per bolometer. For that purpose the number of unflagged samples in non-discarded pointing periods have been used within the nominal mission. The average value is of about 335 days of effective integration time.
+
The following figure summarizes the effective integration time per bolometer. For that purpose the number of unflagged samples in non-discarded pointing periods have been used within the nominal mission. The average value is about 335 days of effective integration time.
  
[[File:HFInominal_IntegrationTime.jpg|600px|Effective integration time per bolometer]]
+
[[File:HFInominal_IntegrationTime.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Effective integration time per bolometer.]]
  
 
== Flag description ==
 
== Flag description ==
Line 173: Line 189:
 
==== Input flags ====
 
==== Input flags ====
  
These flags are used as inputs to the TOI processing
+
The following flags are used as inputs to the TOI processing.
  
; The point-source flag (PSflag)  
+
; The point-source flag (PSflag) -
: An earlier version of HFI point-source catalog is read back into a flag TOIs, at a given frequency. In practice, 5 sigma sources are masked within a radius of 1.3 FWHM (9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz) TBC.
+
: An earlier version of HFI point-source catalogue is read back in to flag TOIs, at a given frequency. In practice, 5&sigma; sources are masked within a radius of 1.3 FWHM (which is 9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz) TBC.
  
; the galactic flag (Galflag
+
; The Galactic flag (Galflag) -
: An earlier version of HFI maps is thresholded and apodized. The produced masks are read into flag TOIs. The retained threshold corresponds to a sky coverage of respectively 70, 70, 80, 90, 90, 90% at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz.
+
: An earlier version of HFI maps is thresholded and apodized. The produced masks are read into flag TOIs. The retained threshold corresponds to a sky coverage of, respectively, 70, 70, 80, 90, 90, and 90% at 100,143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz.
  
; Solar System Object flag  
+
; Solar System Object flag -
: For the TOI flag, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn are flagged up to a radius of NbBeam= 2,3,3,4,4,4 times the fiducial SSO_FWHM with SSO_FWHM=  9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz.
+
: For the TOI flag, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are flagged up to a radius of <i>N</i><sub>Beam</sub>= 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, and 4 times the fiducial SSO_FWHM, with SSO_FWHM=  9, 7, 5, 5, 5, and 5 arcmin at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz, respectively.
  
: As an input to planet mask for maps, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn are flagged with a radius computed as a coefficient depending on the planet (Factor_per_source) times NbBeam times SSO_FWHM, with Factor_per_source = 1.1, 2.25, 1.25 for Mars, Jupiter, Saturn respectively and NbBeam = 2.25, 4.25, 4.0, 5.0,.6.0, 8.0 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz. This flag is called SSOflag4map.
+
: As an input to the planet mask for maps, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are flagged with a radius computed as a coefficient depending on the planet (Factor_per_source) times <i>N</i><sub>Beam</sub> times SSO_FWHM, with Factor_per_source = 1.1, 2.25, and 1.25 for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, respectively, and <i>N</i><sub>Beam</sub> = 2.25, 4.25, 4.0, 5.0,.6.0, and 8.0 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz. This flag is called SSOflag4map.
  
: A small trailing tail is added to the mask to take into account the non-deconvolution of the planet signal which has been replaced by background values. The width of that tail is 10 % of the main flag diameter. The number of samples which are additionnaly flagged are the Factor_per_Source times AddSNafter with (trail) times (Factor_per_source)^3 samples where trail = 10, 30, 20, 20, 30, 40 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz.
+
: A small trailing tail is added to the mask to take into account the non-deconvolution of the planet signal, which has been replaced by background values. The width of this tail is 10% of the main flag diameter. The number of samples which are additionnaly flagged are Factor_per_Source times AddSNafter with "trail" &times; (Factor_per_source)<sup>3</sup> samples, where trail = 10, 30, 20, 20, 30, and 40 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz, respectively.
  
: Uranus and Neptune together with detected asteroids are masked by HFI. They are masked at the TOI level using an exclusion radius of 1.5 SSO_FWHM. At 857 GHz, 24 asteroids have been detected with HFI : 1Ceres, 2Pallas, 3Juno, 4Vesta, 7Iris, 8Flora, 9Metis, 10Hygiea, 11Parthenope, 12Victoria, 13Egeria, 14Irene, 15Eunomia, 16Psyche, 18Melpomene, 19Fortuna, 20Massalia, 29Amphitrite, 41Daphne, 45Eugenia, 52Europa, 88Thisbe, 704Interamnia, 324Bamberga.
+
: Uranus and Neptune together with detected asteroids are masked by HFI. They are masked at the TOI level using an exclusion radius of 1.5 times SSO_FWHM. At 857GHz, 24 asteroids have been detected with HFI, namely 1Ceres, 2Pallas, 3Juno, 4Vesta, 7Iris, 8Flora, 9Metis, 10Hygiea, 11Parthenope, 12Victoria, 13Egeria, 14Irene, 15Eunomia, 16Psyche, 18Melpomene, 19Fortuna, 20Massalia, 29Amphitrite, 41Daphne, 45Eugenia, 52Europa, 88Thisbe, 704Interamnia, and 324Bamberga.
  
<gallery widths=140px perrow=4 caption="Local maps showing the SSO flag. The colors correspond to the surveys involved in the nominal mission (green = Survey I, yellow = Survey II, red = Survey III).">
+
<center>
File:SSOflag_10_143_5J.png | 143 SWB row, around Jupiter 1st crossing
+
<gallery heights=200px widths=200px perrow=4 caption="">
File:SSOflag_10_143_5S.png | 143 SWB row, around Saturn
+
File:SSOflag_10_143_5J.png | 143 SWB row, around Jupiter first crossing.
File:SSOflag_10_143_5M.png | 143 SWB row, around Mars
+
File:SSOflag_10_143_5S.png | 143 SWB row, around Saturn.
File:SSOflag_10_143_5a.png | 143 SWB row, random field in the ecliptic plane
+
File:SSOflag_10_143_5M.png | 143 SWB row, around Mars.
File:SSOflag_25_857_1J.png | 545/857 row, around Jupiter 1st crossing
+
File:SSOflag_10_143_5a.png | 143 SWB row, random field in the ecliptic plane.
File:SSOflag_25_857_1S.png | 545/857 row, around Saturn
+
File:SSOflag_25_857_1J.png | 545/857 row, around Jupiter first crossing.
File:SSOflag_25_857_1M.png | 545/857 row, around Mars
+
File:SSOflag_25_857_1S.png | 545/857 row, around Saturn.
File:SSOflag_25_857_1a.png | 545/857 row, random field in the ecliptic plane
+
File:SSOflag_25_857_1M.png | 545/857 row, around Mars.
 +
File:SSOflag_25_857_1a.png | 545/857 row, random field in the ecliptic plane.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
Local maps showing the SSO flag. The colours correspond to the surveys involved in the nominal mission (green for Survey I, yellow for Survey 2, and red for Survey 3).
 +
</center>
  
 
=== Output flags ===
 
=== Output flags ===
  
A FlagTOIproc is produced by the TOIprocessing. It marks measurements which are not reliable for any of the following reasons:
+
A FlagTOIproc is produced by the TOI processing. It marks measurements which are not reliable for any of the following reasons.
* gap (no valid input data), enlarged by one sample on each side. It flags less than 0.00044% (resp. 0.00062%) of the nominal (resp. complete) mission. It is equivalent to less than 3 (resp. 8) minutes of data.
+
* Gap (no valid input data), enlarged by one sample on each side. This flags less than 0.00044% (respectively 0.00062%) of the nominal (respectively complete) mission. It is equivalent to less than 3 (respectively 8) minutes of data.
* "glitch" on dark bolometers: as the thermal template used for decorrelation is computed from these bolometer data, chunks of one minute-length data are discarded for all bolometers if at least 50\% of the data for at least one dark bolometer are flagged during this time. It is efficient to flag the data around the maximum of thermal events.
+
* "Glitch" on dark bolometers: as the thermal template used for decorrelation is computed from these bolometer data, chunks of 1 minute-length data are discarded for all bolometers if at least 50% of the data for at least one dark bolometer are flagged during this time. This is efficient for flagging the data around the maximum of thermal events.
* "glitch" on individual bolometers : samples where the signal from a cosmic ray hit dominates the sky signal at more than 3 $\sigma$ are discarded.
+
* "Glitch" on individual bolometers : samples where the signal from a cosmic ray hit dominates the sky signal at more than 3&sigma; are discarded.
* jump as 100 samples are flagged around the computed position of the jump to take into account the error on this reconstructed position.
+
* Jump with 100 samples flagged around the computed position of the jump, to take into account the error on this reconstructed position.
 
 
  
So the flag produced for the map making, called Total_flag, is defined by:
+
The flag produced for the map making, called Total_flag, is therefore defined by
 
* Total_flag = UnstablePointing Flag OR FlagTOIproc OR SSOflag4map OR SSOflag seen
 
* Total_flag = UnstablePointing Flag OR FlagTOIproc OR SSOflag4map OR SSOflag seen
 
where FlagTOIproc =  gap OR flag thermal template OR glitch OR jump
 
where FlagTOIproc =  gap OR flag thermal template OR glitch OR jump
Line 219: Line 237:
 
Total_flag_PS = Total_flag OR PS_flag.
 
Total_flag_PS = Total_flag OR PS_flag.
  
 +
== References ==
 +
<References />
 +
  
== References ==
 
<biblio force=false>
 
#[[References]]
 
</biblio>
 
  
  
[[Category:Data processing|0042]]
+
[[Category:HFI data processing|002]]

Latest revision as of 14:55, 26 September 2016

Overview[edit]

We describe here how the TOIs are processed in order to be used for map production. We do not repeat the general features of the pipeline, which are given in the HFI Data Processing paper Planck-2013-VI[1] for PR1 and Planck-2015-A07[2] for PR2. Here we give complementary explanations in some detail. The TOI of each bolometer is processed independently of the other bolometers, so as to keep the noise properties as uncorrelated as possible. The processing involves modifying the TOI itself for the conversion to absorbed power and the correction of glitch tails. It also adds a flag TOI that masks the TOI samples that are not to be projected onto maps for various reasons.

Input TOI[edit]

The input TOI consists of the AC-modulated voltage output read out of each bolometer. The input has previously been decompressed, and converted from internal digital units to voltages via a constant factor. The TOI has a regular sampling at the acquisition frequency of facq=(180.373700±0.000050)Hz. There are almost no missing data in the TOIs, except for a few hundred samples of 545 and 857 GHz TOIs, which were lost in the on-board compression due to saturation on the Galactic centre crossings.

General pipeline structure[edit]

The following figure shows how the initial TOI is transformed and how flags are produced.

A schematic of the TOI processing pipeline.

Output TOIs and products[edit]

A TOI of clean calibrated samples and a combined flag TOI are the outputs of the processing. The clean calibrated TOI is calibrated so as to represent the instantaneous power absorbed by the detector, up to a constant (which will be determined by the mapmaking destriper). It is worth mentioning how the clean calibrated TOI is changed with respect to the input TOI, beyond the basic constant conversion factor from voltage to absorbed power. The demodulation stage allows one to obtain the demodulated bolometer voltage. The nonlinearity correction is a second-order polynomial correction based on the physical but static bolometer model. In order to avoid too much masking after glitches, a glitch tail is subtracted after an occurrence of a glitch in the TOI. The 4-K cooler lines are removed at a series of nine single temporal frequencies. Finally, the temporal response of the bolometer is deconvolved. This affects mostly the high-temporal frequency part of the TOI, although a small but significant low frequency tail (the long time response) is corrected too. Although flagged samples are not projected, their value still influences the valid samples. Hence interpolation procedures introduce some indirect modifications of the TOI. The flag TOI is a combination of flags with an OR logic. Only unflagged data are projected. The exhaustive list of flags is: CompressionError; SSO; UnstablePointing; Glitch; BoloPlateFluctuation; RTS; Jump; and PSBab. A complete qualification of the data is obtained at the ring level. If the TOI shows any anomalous behaviour on a given ring, this ring is discarded from projection. A special TOI is also produced as an input to the beam analysis for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

Examples of clean TOIs[edit]

Samples of PBR, TOIs, and PSDs of all detectors are shown in this file.

Trends in the output processing variables[edit]

Here we show trends in the systematic effects that are dealt with in the TOI processing. The full impact of each of them is analysed in the HFI-Validation section.

ADC baseline[edit]

The following figure shows the ADC baseline that is used prior to demodulation (a constant offset is removed for clarity). This baseline is obtained by smoothing on an hourtimescale by block-averaging the undemodulated TOI on unflagged samples.

ADC baseline for all bolometers.

Glitch statistics[edit]

The glitch rate per channel is shown in the figure below. For details, see Planck-2013-X[3]

Glitch rate evolution.

The percentage of flagged data (mostly due to cosmic rays) at the ring level is shown in these examples. No smoothing was applied and only valid rings are shown.

Percentage of flagged data

The complete set of plots is attached here.

Thermal template for decorrelation[edit]

Thermal template used for the decorrelation from bolometer plate temperature fluctuations.

A simple linear decorrelation is performed using the two "dark" bolometers as a proxy of the bolometer plate temperature. Coupling coefficients were measured during the CPV phase.

4-K cooler lines variability[edit]

The amplitude of the nine 4-K cooler lines at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 17Hz is shown (in aW) for two bolometers in the following figures. The trend is smoothed over 31 ring values after having discarded measurements done at a ring that is discarded for all bolometers.

Amplitude of the nine 4-K cooler lines

The 4-K cooler line coefficients of all bolometers are shown in this file.

The 4-K cooler lines project onto the maps only for a limited fraction of rings, the so-called "resonant rings." This is graphically shown in the following figure. For each ring (fixed pointing period), the spin rate is very stable at about 1rpm. From one ring to another, the spin frequency (shown as diamonds) changes around that value. The sky signal is imprinted at the corresponding spin frequency and its 5400 (60×90) harmonics. If one of the nine 4-K cooler lines happens to coincide with one of the spin frequency harmonics (a resonant ring), it will project a sine-wave systematic onto the maps. The horizontal coloured bars show the zone of influence of a particular 4-K line (labelled on the left side of the plot), when folded around 16.666mHz. When the spin frequency hits one of these zones, we have a resonant ring. The 4-K line coefficient is interpolated for this ring and an estimate of the systematic effect is subtracted from the TOI. Resonant rings are different for different 4-K lines. Note the two-level oscillation pattern of the spin frequency, which is due to the satellite attitude control system.

Spin frequency and 4-K line zones of influence.

Jump correction[edit]

A piecewise constant value is removed from the TOI if a jump is detected. An example of a jump is shown in the following figure:

An example of a jump seen on the noise TOI.

The number of jumps per day (all bolometers included) is shown in this figure.

Evolution of jump number during the mission.

The jumps are uncorrelated from bolometer to bolometer. The total number of jumps detected in the nominal and full mission is shown below.

Number of jumps per bolometer.


Trends in noise and signal[edit]

Signal (top) and noise (bottom) smoothed over 1 minute. All values falling in a discarded ring are not plotted.

The smooth TOIs of all detectors are shown in this file.

Noise stationarity[edit]

This is not the final version but gives a good idea of power spectra at the detector level of noise TOIs. All PSDs can be seen in this file.

The standard deviation per ring corrected for ring duration bias is given here, one per bolometer using only valid rings. No smoothing is applied (except a 31-point smoothing for the 545 and 857 GHz channels), but values for rings discarded for all bolometers (see below) are not used. The standard deviation is computed on samples valid for mapmaking that are also not affected by the Galaxy or the point-sources using the usual flags. Two examples are shown below.

Standard deviation per ring

The full series of plots is below. Standard deviation of noise TOIs at the ring level.

Note the presence for three bolometers of a two-level noise system. No correction has been made for that effect. See one example below.

An example of a two-level noise system is seen in bolometer 23_353_3a


An example of the higher-order statistics that are used to unveil rings affected by RTS problems is below.

Example of RTS detection

Discarded rings[edit]

Some rings are discarded (flagged) from further use (e.g., beam-making, and mapmaking) by using ring statistics (see above and Planck-2013-VI[1]). For each statistic, we compare each ring value to the ring values averaged (RVA) over a large selection of rings (between 3000 and 21700). We also define the modified standard deviation (MSD) of a ring quantity as the standard deviation of that quantity over the rings that deviate by less than five nominal standard deviations. This truncation is necessary to be robust against extremely deviant rings.

More specifically, a ring is discarded if it matches one of the following criteria:

  • the | mean-median | deviates from the RVA by more than fifteen times the MSD;
  • the standard deviation deviates from the RVA by more than -5 times the MSD (all cases corresponding to almost empty rings) or +15 times the MSD;
  • the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test deviates from the RVA by more than 15 times the MSD;
  • the ring duration is more than 90 min;
  • the ring is contaminated by RTS with an amplitude of more than one standard deviation of the noise.

This last item concerns a few hundreds rings for three bolometers (44_217_6b, 71_217_8a, 74_857_4). Notice that two bolometers are completely discarded for maps, namely 55_545_3 and 70_143_8, which present RTS at all times.

For the three first criteria, a visual inspection of the noise TOI at each of the incriminated rings has shown that all such anomalous rings are due to either a drift, a small jump in the TOI trend, or a sudden change of noise level, the origin of which is unknown at present.

Once the list of discarded rings per bolometer is produced, a common list of discarded rings can be extracted for all bolometers (by using discarded rings for at least half the bolometers). Such rings correspond to identified phenomena, as can be seen in the following table.

Furthermore, an isolated valid ring sandwiched between two common discarded rings becomes discarded as well.

Table of "common discarded rings" of the full mission (rings 240-27005).

Cause Ring number
Manoeuvre 304 1312 3590 3611 3642 3922 4949 6379 8456 11328
Sorption Cooler switchover 11149 11150 11151 11152
Rings too long 440 474 509 544 897 898 3589 13333 14627 14653
Star tracker switchover 14628 14654 14842 16407 18210
Massive glitch event 7665
Solar flare 11235 20451 20452 20453 20454 20455 20456
End-Of-Life tests 24185-24187 24206 24782 24806-24810 24973-24976 25074-25176 25850-25863 26231-26235 26520-26619


The following figure is a summary of the impact of the discarding process for each bolometer (the solid black line is the common discarded ring percentage). The outlier bolometers have some RTS problems, as mentionned above.

Effective integration time[edit]

The following figure summarizes the effective integration time per bolometer. For that purpose the number of unflagged samples in non-discarded pointing periods have been used within the nominal mission. The average value is about 335 days of effective integration time.

Effective integration time per bolometer.

Flag description[edit]

Input flags[edit]

The following flags are used as inputs to the TOI processing.

The point-source flag (PSflag) -
An earlier version of HFI point-source catalogue is read back in to flag TOIs, at a given frequency. In practice, 5σ sources are masked within a radius of 1.3 FWHM (which is 9, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5 arcmin at 100,143,217,353,545,857 GHz) TBC.
The Galactic flag (Galflag) -
An earlier version of HFI maps is thresholded and apodized. The produced masks are read into flag TOIs. The retained threshold corresponds to a sky coverage of, respectively, 70, 70, 80, 90, 90, and 90% at 100,143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz.
Solar System Object flag -
For the TOI flag, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are flagged up to a radius of NBeam= 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, and 4 times the fiducial SSO_FWHM, with SSO_FWHM= 9, 7, 5, 5, 5, and 5 arcmin at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz, respectively.
As an input to the planet mask for maps, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are flagged with a radius computed as a coefficient depending on the planet (Factor_per_source) times NBeam times SSO_FWHM, with Factor_per_source = 1.1, 2.25, and 1.25 for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, respectively, and NBeam = 2.25, 4.25, 4.0, 5.0,.6.0, and 8.0 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz. This flag is called SSOflag4map.
A small trailing tail is added to the mask to take into account the non-deconvolution of the planet signal, which has been replaced by background values. The width of this tail is 10% of the main flag diameter. The number of samples which are additionnaly flagged are Factor_per_Source times AddSNafter with "trail" × (Factor_per_source)3 samples, where trail = 10, 30, 20, 20, 30, and 40 at 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, and 857GHz, respectively.
Uranus and Neptune together with detected asteroids are masked by HFI. They are masked at the TOI level using an exclusion radius of 1.5 times SSO_FWHM. At 857GHz, 24 asteroids have been detected with HFI, namely 1Ceres, 2Pallas, 3Juno, 4Vesta, 7Iris, 8Flora, 9Metis, 10Hygiea, 11Parthenope, 12Victoria, 13Egeria, 14Irene, 15Eunomia, 16Psyche, 18Melpomene, 19Fortuna, 20Massalia, 29Amphitrite, 41Daphne, 45Eugenia, 52Europa, 88Thisbe, 704Interamnia, and 324Bamberga.

Local maps showing the SSO flag. The colours correspond to the surveys involved in the nominal mission (green for Survey I, yellow for Survey 2, and red for Survey 3).

Output flags[edit]

A FlagTOIproc is produced by the TOI processing. It marks measurements which are not reliable for any of the following reasons.

  • Gap (no valid input data), enlarged by one sample on each side. This flags less than 0.00044% (respectively 0.00062%) of the nominal (respectively complete) mission. It is equivalent to less than 3 (respectively 8) minutes of data.
  • "Glitch" on dark bolometers: as the thermal template used for decorrelation is computed from these bolometer data, chunks of 1 minute-length data are discarded for all bolometers if at least 50% of the data for at least one dark bolometer are flagged during this time. This is efficient for flagging the data around the maximum of thermal events.
  • "Glitch" on individual bolometers : samples where the signal from a cosmic ray hit dominates the sky signal at more than 3σ are discarded.
  • Jump with 100 samples flagged around the computed position of the jump, to take into account the error on this reconstructed position.

The flag produced for the map making, called Total_flag, is therefore defined by

  • Total_flag = UnstablePointing Flag OR FlagTOIproc OR SSOflag4map OR SSOflag seen

where FlagTOIproc = gap OR flag thermal template OR glitch OR jump and for PSB bolometers, FlagTOIproc_AB = FlagTOIproc_A OR FlagTOIproc_B. Note that the Total_flag is then identical for the A and B bolometers of a PSB pair.

At the destriping stage, a more restricted flag, called Total_flag_PS, is used. It is defined by Total_flag_PS = Total_flag OR PS_flag.

References[edit]

(Planck) High Frequency Instrument

Solar System Object

random telegraphic signal

analog to digital converter

Calibration and Performance Verification

sudden change of the baseline level inside a ring

Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum

To be confirmed