Beams LFI

Wish List

list of information to be inserted in the explanatory supplements

- Description of LFI FOV.

- Description of various telescope models as reported in the beam paper.

- Format of beam data

- Definition of various coordinate frames for beams

Overview

LFI is coupled to the telescope by eleven dual-profiled, corrugated, conical horns #sandri2010,villa2010: six feed horns at 70 GHz (FH18 – FH23), three feed horns at 44 GHz (FH24 – FH26), and two feed horns at 30 GHz (FH27 and FH28). Each feed horn is connected to an orthomode transducer (OMT) to divide the field propagating into the horn into two orthogonal linear polarization components, X and Y #darcangelo2010a.

Figure 1. A CAD model of the Planck focal plane, which is located directly below the telescope primary mirror. It comprises the HFI bolometric detector array (small feed horns on golden circular base) and the LFI radio receiver array (larger feed horns around the HFI). The box holding the feedhorns appears to be transparent in this view, to also show the elements inside and behind it. ESA/Thales.

The feeds and corresponding OMTs are adjusted in the focal surface so that the main beam polarization directions of the two symmetrically located feed horns in the focal plane unit (FPU) are at an angle of 45 degrees when observed in the same direction in the sky. This configuration permits measurement of the Q and U Stokes parameters and thus the linear polarization of the CMB.

Main Beams and Focal Plane calibration

Once the location and orientation of the feed horns, as well as their inner corrugation profile, had been properly defined, we carried out a full characterisation of the optical performance using electromagnetic simulations devoted to computing the LFI beams and TBW. The beam solid angle, Ω[math]_A [/math], of an antenna is given by

[math] Ω_A \; = \; \int_{4π} \; P_n(θ,φ) \; dΩ \; = \; \int^{2π}_0 \int^π_0 \; P_n(θ,φ) \; sinθ \; dθ \; dφ [/math]

where [math]P_n (θ, φ) \; [/math] is the normalized power pattern and the field computed by GRASP is normalised to a total power of 4π watt, i.e.,

[math] \int^{2π}_0 \int^π_0 \; P_n(θ,φ) \; sinθ \; dθ \; dφ \; = \; 4π [/math]

For most antennas, the normalized power pattern has considerably larger values for a certain range of both θ and φ than for the remaining part of the sphere. This range is called the main beam and the remainder is called the sidelobes or back lobes. Obviously the quality of an antenna as a directional measuring device depends on how well the power pattern is concentrated in the main beam. The received power originating in region outside the main beam is called straylight, and it is one of the major sources of systematic effects in the Planck observations and for CMB experiments in general.

The separation of the power pattern into a main beam and sidelobes can be somewhat arbitrary and is basically governed by convention. Different definitions of these regions could in principle be used: electromagnetic definitions, science-related definitions, and simulation-related definitions. In this framework the main beam region was defined by taking care that not only the relevant main beam characteristics are computed (angular resolution, ellipticity, directivity, cross polar discrimination factor, and so on), but also that the main beam distortion, at a level of about –60 dB (mainly due to the off-axis location of the LFI feed horns), can be evaluated.

Effective beams

TBW

References

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1. References

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