LFI design, qualification and performance

This section provides an overview of the Low-Frequency Instrument and of its different sub-systems.

• Instrument description
• Ground tests
• In-flight calibration
• Performance summary
• Systematic effects
• Sorption cooler
• Annexes

The Planck-LFI instrument is an array of 11 radiometric receivers in the Ka, Q, and V bands, with centre frequencies close to 30, 44, and 70 GHz. The exact central frequencies for each receiver are reported in Planck-Early-III; for simplicity, here we will refer to the three channels using their nominal centre frequencies. A detailed description of the LFI instrument is given in Planck-PreLaunch-IV, and references therein.

The heart of the LFI instrument is a compact, multi-frequency array of differential receivers with ultra-low-noise amplifiers based on cryogenic indium phosphide (InP) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). To minimize power dissipation in the focal plane unit, which is cooled to 20 K, the radiometers are split into two subassemblies connected by a set of waveguides, as shown in Fig. 1, left panel.

Figure 1. Left Panel: the LFI instrument with main thermal stages, focal plane, waveguides and sorption cooler piping highlighted. Right Panel: labelling of feed horns on the LFI focal plane.

The LFI horns are situated in a ring around the HFI (see Fig. 1 – right panel). Each horn collects radiation from the telescope and feeds it to one or more detectors. The radiometer design is driven by the need to suppress 1/f-type noise induced by gain and noise temperature fluctuations in the amplifiers, which would be unacceptably high for a simple total power system. A differential pseudo-correlation scheme is adopted, in which signals from the sky and from a blackbody reference load are combined by a hybrid coupler, amplified in two independent amplifier chains, and separated out by a second hybrid (Fig. 2). The sky and the reference load power can then be measured and differenced. Since the reference signal has been subject to the same gain variations in the two amplifier chains as the sky signal, the true sky power can be recovered. Insensitivity to fluctuations in the back-end amplifiers and detectors is realised by switching phase shifters at about 8 kHz synchronously in each amplifier chain. The rejection of 1/f noise, as well as the immunity to other systematic effects, is optimized if the two input signals are nearly equal. For this reason the reference loads are cooled to approximately 4 K by mounting them on the 4K structure of the HFI. In addition, the effect of the residual offset (< 2 K in nominal conditions) is reduced by introducing a gain modulation factor in the on-board processing to balance the output signal . The differencing receiver greatly improves the stability of the measured signal.

Figure 2. Schematic of the LFI front-end radiometer. The front-end unit is located at the focus of the Planck telescope, and comprises: dual profiled corrugated feed horns; low-loss (about 0.2 dB), wide-band (> 20%) ortho-mode transducers; and radiometer front-end modules with hybrids, cryogenic low noise amplifiers, and phase switches.